The life of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who survived a coup, bent an entire nation to his will, and owned the US over Syria

Recep Tayyip Erdogan was born in Istanbul on February 26, 1954, the son of a captain in the Turkish Coast Guard.

Source: Presidency of the Republic of Turkey

His family weren't rich, so Erdogan spent his after-school hours selling lemonade and sesame buns to make ends meet.

Source: BBC

The young Erdogan was politically active from the get-go.

While at Eyüp High School in the 1970s Erdogan was elected chairman of the youth organisation of an Islamic political party called the National Salvation Party.

Source: al-Jazeera, Presidency of the Republic of Turkey

Erdogan went to Marmara University in Istanbul, and was drawn to Political Islam after meeting Necmettin Erbakan, the former Turkish Prime Minister.

Turkey had been a secular country since the Ottoman Empire was expelled after the First World War, and Political Islam was unpopular, considered to be dangerous by the administration.

While most Turks were practicing Muslims, the country had passed several versions of a Constitution, as well as operating a judiciary free from religious law.

Though Erdogan was making a name for himself in youth politics, any future in politics was halted by a short stint as a semi-professional soccer player.

Erdogan claims that on two occasions Turkish soccer giants Fenerbahce S.K. tried to sign him, but he turned them down twice.

Source: Foreign Policy

He hung up his boots, and began a career in politics with a job at Istanbul's transport authority. Erdogan was fired soon after, however, after he refused to shave off his now-iconic mustache.

In 1994, after rising through the ranks of the Islamicist Welfare Party, Erdogan was elected mayor of Istanbul, and got his first taste of high public office.

He was the city's first non-secular mayor.

Source: Presidency of the Republic of Turkey

He took to the job quickly, banning alcohol in cafes, cleaning up Istanbul, and clearing the city's huge debts.

Source: Presidency of the Republic of Turkey

But in 1998 he was fired as mayor and jailed for four months for inciting religious hatred after reading a poem comparing Islam to a war.

The poem read: "The mosques are our barracks, the domes our helmets, the minarets our bayonets and the faithful our soldiers."

Erdogan said after his conviction: "We will continue our democratic struggle to the end. We will not bow our heads before repression."

He was also banned from running in parliamentary elections.

Source: Presidency of the Republic of Turkey

The love of tradition and devotion to Islam which defined Erdogan's later life were already plain to see early in his career.

In 2001, Erdogan, despite his ban from politics, founded the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which in 2002 swept to victory in national elections.

Erdogan sidestepped his ban by immediately changing the law and running for election after the AKP had ascended to power.

Erdogan was appointed Prime Minister after winning a seat in the local elections in Siirt province.

In 2004, the AKP extended its power by dominating local elections across Turkey.

Between 2002 and 2013 Erdogan travelled the world as Prime Minister, while the AKP won a string of elections at home.

A key task of Erdogan's was to lobby the European Union to let Turkey join. Formal talks between the two opened in 2005, but as of November 2019, Turkey has not been approved to join the bloc.

Erdogan also spent much of his time engaged with the US. Washington believed that Turkey would be a key player in a then-potential war with Iraq, which ultimately started after the US invasion in 2003.

During the war Erdogan refused to let the US deploy troops from Kurdish areas in northern Iraq and southern Turkey, straining US-Turkish relations.

Between 2002 and 2014 the AKP won three successive elections.

Source: CNN, Washington Post, Guardian

In May 2013, Erdogan faced his first major set of protests and riots over allegations of corruption and plans to turn an Istanbul park into a shopping center.

Eight people died after protesters clashed with police using tear gas and water cannons.

In the wake of the protests, Erdogan said social media, which had played a role in coordinating protests and spreading information, was "the worst menace to society."

25 protesters were arrested for using Twitter and for "spreading untrue information."

10 months later, in March 2014, Erdogan banned Twitter for two weeks.

After the protests subsided, Erdogan faced a new problem after a voice recording allegedly showed him ordering his son to dispose of vast amounts of cash. Erdogan said the tapes were fake.

Source: Tech Crunch, CNN, Washington Post, Guardian

In August 2014, Erdogan was elected as President of Turkey.

Prior to 2014, Turkey's Parliament had appointed the president, but a 2010 referendum result gave Turks the power to elect the president themselves.

In the first vote since that referendum, Erdogan emerged as winner with 52% of the vote, beating back two challengers.

At the time, critics saw the move as an attempt by Erdogan to use the normally-ceremonial powers invested in the president's office — which were substantial — to turn Turkey into an authoritarian regime.

Source: Guardian

Days after his election, Erdogan declared a new Presidential Complex would be built in Ankara. It was ambitious, and a symbol of his new power.

The Ak Saray palace (White Palace) is built on a 150,000 square-meter side on top of a hill in Ankara.

It cost at least $615 million, has 1,150 rooms, and a garden with thousands of trees, costing $4,000 each, imported from Italy.

It is far bigger than both the White House in Washington, DC, and the Kremlin, in Moscow, Russia.

Erdogan's critics slammed his lavish palace, regularly mocking him with rumors of golden toilet seats. In 2015, Erdogan vowed to resign if anyone could locate a golden toilet seat.

Source: BBC, Reuters

More powerful than ever before, Erdogan soon cultivated the titles "beyefendi" which means "sir" and "reis" which means "chief" from his admirers.

Source: al-Monitor

But after two turbulent years of his presidency, Erdogan was struck by a whirlwind coup attempt.

On July 15, 2016, Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yıldırım said the military was moving "outside the chain of command" and had made an "illegal attempt" to seize power.

The government and military factions still loyal to Erdogan clashed with the rebels using tanks, and F-16 jets.

Rebels stormed Turkish state media broadcaster TRT and ordered them to make a statement saying the military was now in charge.

The coup failed, however, and Erdogan's government restored order by arresting over 100 rebels, with senior military officials later condemning the coup as a rogue operation.

161 people were killed and 1,140 were wounded in the failed coup. Erdogan claimed it had been orchestrated by his opponent Fethullah Gulen, exiled in the US.

Source: Guardian, CNN.

In 2017, Erdogan won a controversial referendum which gave him more power, effectively turning Turkey from a parliamentary democracy to a presidential republic.

European nations criticised the move, saying it showed Turkey was straying down the path of authoritarianism instead of democracy.

Erdogan defended his new powers, saying; "We've got a lot to do, we are on this path but it's time to change gears and go faster. We are carrying out the most important reform in the history of our nation."

Source: Guardian

Erdogan's style as Turkey's supreme leader has been forceful, disconcerting, and even bizarre at times.

In 2014, Erdogan couldn't attend a meeting so instead beamed a pirouetting hologram of himself into a room of shocked party members.

Source: Business Insider

In 2016, Erdogan declared all Turkish women should have three children and said those who wouldn't were "deficient."

"Rejecting motherhood means giving up on humanity," Erdogan, who has four children, said.

Source: Daily Mail

And in 2016, amid the military coup, Erdogan gave a crisis statement on TV — except he appeared on an iPhone screen via Apple's FaceTime from a safe house.

At the time of the coup, Erdogan was vacation at the Aegean coast and was taken to a secure location while military forces attempted to depose him in Ankara.

Source: Vox

In June 2019, Erdogan was the surprise best man at the wedding of German soccer star Mezut Ozil.

Ozil, a German national with Turkish heritage, announced his retirement from German international football after photos of him with Erdogan in May 2018 were met with damning criticism.

Source: The Guardian

In August 2019, Erdoğan said he was in favor of reinstating the death penalty, after a woman was brutally murdered by her ex-husband in a public cafe.

Source: Hurriyet Daily News

Erdogan's temperament is not to be tested. The president is extremely sensitive when it comes to caricatures and parodies of his appearance.

Between 2014 and 2017, nearly 13,000 instances of insulting the presidency were filed by the government. Most related to newspaper cartoons, memes, political sketches, and jokes.

Article 299 of the Turkish penal code states that insulting the president can lead to as many as four years in jail.

One example which saw Erdogan's criticized was the guilty verdict of a Turkish man who depicted Erdogan as Gollum from "The Lord of the Rings" in a Facebook post.

Source: BBC

Despite occasional protests and constant allegations of corruption, Erdogan was reelected President in June 2018 with 53% of the vote.

In light of the Turkey's advances into northern Syria in October 2019, it's clear Erdogan's appetite for control is not waning as he nears his 18th year in power.

Turkey has taken in two million Syrian refugees fleeing the 2011 civil war. Erdogan wants to reclaim a large "safe zone" of land in northern Syria to resettle them.

On Thursday, after a fortnight of fighting, Turkey agreed to a five-day ceasefire so that Syrian-Kurdish forces could move out of Turkey's path. It expires on Tuesday.

Turkey's defense ministry claims Syrian Kurdish fighters have violated the cease-fire at least 20 times.

Turkey considers the Syrian forces terrorists.

Source: Washington Post