PoliticsREUTERS/Yuri Gripas U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions holds his first meeting with heads of federal law enforcement components at the Justice Department. in Washington U.S., February 9, 2017.
- Attorney general Jeff Sessions was accused of misleading the Senate when he said he didn't meet with any Russian officials during the 2016 campaign.
- Experts say Sessions' comments likely don't amount to perjury.
- Top Democrats are calling for him to resign as head of the Justice Department.
Attorney General Jeff Sessions has come under fire for what critics say was misleading the Senate about his contacts with the Russian ambassador to the US while he was a prominent surrogate for President Donald Trump's campaign.
Sessions recused himself Thursday from any investigations pertaining to "any matters related in any way to the campaigns for President of the United States." But top Democrats, including Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, have called for Sessions to step down from his post at the Justice Department. Pelosi has charged that Sessions perjured himself in front of Congress.
But experts say that while Sessions' may have misled the Senate Judiciary Committee during his confirmation hearings, his comments likely don't amount to perjury
18 US Code § 1621 defines perjury as:
"Whoever, having taken an oath before a competent tribunal, officer, or person, in any case in which a
law of the United States authorizes an oath to be administered, that he will testify, declare, depose, or certify truly, or that any written testimony, declaration, deposition, or certificate by him subscribed, is true, willfully and contrary to such oath states or subscribes any material matter which he does not believe to be true."
In plain English, perjury means willfully lying in a court after taking an oath, which Sessions took at his confirmation hearing.
However, perjury is a "very difficult charge to prove," Laurie L. Levenson, a former federal prosecutor and a professor at Loyola Law School, told Business Insider.
"A defendant must knowingly lie under oath," Levenson continued. "His exact words matter."
The key question is whether it can be proved Sessions was "willfully untruthful" during the January confirmation hearing, Darryl K. Brown, a law professor at the University of Virginia, told Business Insider.
Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images Sen. Al Franken on Capitol Hill.
Take a look at the exchange with Sessions and Sens. Al Franken of Minnesota and Patrick Leahy of Vermont during the hearing:
Franken: "If there was any evidence that anyone affiliated with the Trump campaign communicated with the Russian government in the course of this [2016] campaign, what would you do?"
Sessions: "I'm not aware of any of those activities. I have been called a surrogate at a time or two in that campaign and I did not have communications with the Russians."
Leahy: "Several of the President-elect's nominees or senior advisers have Russian ties. Have you been in contact with anyone connected to any part of the Russian government about the 2016 election, either before or after Election Day?"
Sessions: "No."
While Franken contended Thursday that Sessions' comments were "extremely misleading," he stopped short of invoking "perjury." It's much more difficult to prove that Sessions, a trained attorney, actually lied with intent.
In order to obtain a perjury conviction, the prosecution must make explicitly clear what each specific term in Franken's question means, including what was meant by "affiliated," Stan Brand, senior counsel at Akin Gump and an expert on congressional investigations, told Business Insider.
"The government would have to prove that he [Sessions] understood what the questioner meant by that term, and any ambiguity will be resolved in favor of the witness," Brand added. "As a result I think the viability of a perjury charge is dubious at best."
Getty Mario Tama Sergey Kislyak, Russian Ambassador to the United States looks on during a press conference on nuclear non-proliferation at United Nations headquarters October 24, 2008 in New York City.
Brand added that "inartful or imprecise questions," susceptible to multiple meanings, "cannot sustain a conviction." In other words, Franken's question at the hearing was open to enough interpretation that it would be exceedingly difficult to prove that Sessions perjured himself.
Sessions met with Sergey Kislyak, the Russian ambassador, in his Senate office on September 8, at the height of the presidential campaign, and at a Heritage Foundation event in July during the Republican National Convention.
"He might claim he forgot about those meetings," said Brown, the UVA professor. "More likely, he might claim he did not convey information between the ambassador and the Trump campaign during those meetings."
Sessions, for his part, said at a press conference Thursday that his response to Franken's question was accurate.
"That is the question that Sen. Franken asked me at the hearing, and that's what got my attention. As he noted, it was first just breaking
There are grounds for perjury only if it can be proven that Sessions made a false statement, said Levenson, the former federal prosecutor and Loyola Law School professor.
And "almost no one is prosecuted for lying to Congress," P.J. Meitl, the author of a 2007 Quinnipiac Law Review study on perjury charges related to Congress, told Reuters.
The study found that only six people have been convicted of perjury for lying to Congress since the 1940s.
"If he was technically telling the truth, or he can argue that he thought he was answering a different question, then it is unlikely you would see a perjury charge," Levenson added.