Protestors perform lying in muddy water which they splashed at the entrance to Vale headquarters on November 16, 2015 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
In short, Brazil is throwing the book at the pair.
The action against the two mining goliaths relates to the catastrophe that hit the Samarco iron ore operation in Minas Gerais, Brazil, on November 5. BHP and Vale each own 50% of Samarco.
The disaster saw a dam collapse and release 60 million cubic metres of mud downstream into the water systems of hundreds of towns and cities. Brazil's President has compared the disaster to the 2010 BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and dubbed it Brazil's worst ever environmental disaster.
BHP confirmed in an update on Tuesday that the death toll for the collapse has risen to 17, from an earlier estimate of 13. Two people remain missing.
Brazil's government is suing BHP and Vale for "at least" 20 billion Brazilian reals (£3.3 billion, $4.9 billion) and, as part of the proceedings, a Brazilian court has made some preliminary demands of the pair.
In its update on Tuesday, BHP says it has been ordered to:
- Deposit BRL 2 billion (£330 million, $491.5 million) to a Court-managed bank account within 30 days. That's 10% of the total reparations the government is after. Samarco faces a daily fine of BRL 1.5 million (£250,000, $370,000) for non-compliance with this deadline;
- Restrictions have been placed on the mining exploration concessions held by Samarco in Brazil, meaning the mining rights can't be sold or transferred - in other words, the assets are frozen;
- The pair must undertake extensive remediation plans including: "preventing leakage of waste from the Fundão tailings dam, engaging a consultant to evaluate contamination of fish and implement pest control, removal of mud from the Rio Doce banks, adoption of measures to prevent sludge from reaching the lagoon, and presentation of a comprehensive plan for environmental recovery and socio-economic recovery."
The Bento Rodrigues district is pictured covered with mud after a dam owned by Vale and BHP Billiton burst in Mariana, Brazil.
The company has also drafted in a veteran executive to lead its Brazilian team on the ground and hired New York law firm Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP to investigate just what went wrong with the dam.
BHP says in the statement:
Samarco continues to work with the government authorities in Brazil to relocate displaced people from temporary accommodation to rented housing and to distribute living wage debit cards to those who have been impacted. All displaced people will have been given the opportunity to relocate before 25 December 2015. Community access bridges are being rebuilt and public service centres have been established in affected communities. Planning for the reconstruction of impacted communities has also commenced.