It's Time To Focus On Creating Value, Not Profit
Since the late 1970s, when American companies were fat and complacent, the focus of American capitalism has been on the bottom line.
Spurred on by activist shareholders, private-equity firms, and bonuses based on stock prices, corporate managers have become obsessed with maximizing quarterly profits.
This new focus has produced remarkable results.
Business Insider, St. Louis FedCorporate profits have hit an all-time high as a percent of the economy.Over the past three decades, big American companies have gone from having below-average profit margins to the highest profit margins in history (see chart at right).
Unfortunately, this obsession with profit maximization has come at a cost.
By focusing their entire effort on the bottom line, many American companies have reduced their value to the other constituencies that great companies serve, namely:
- customers,
- employees, and
- society.
One result of the profit obsession, for example, is that big American companies are now paying the lowest wages as a percent of the economy in history. (See chart).
Business Insider, St. Louis FedWages have hit an all time low as a percent of the economy.This means that a record-low percentage of the vast wealth these companies have is being shared with the people who help earn it.
Another result is that companies are now scrimping on capital investments, which have also dropped sharply as a percent of the economy. (See chart).
Both of these efficiency initiatives help "maximize profit," at least in the near term.
But they hurt the economy.
And they also hurt our companies' overall growth rates.
Why?
Because every dime that companies pay out in wages and capital investment becomes revenue for other companies.
The problem in the American economy right now is not that there isn't enough investment capital. There's plenty of it. (There's so much of it, in fact, that some companies don't even know what to do with it: Witness the massive cash mountains building up at companies like Apple, Cisco, Google, Bank of America, JP Morgan, et al.)
The problem in the U.S. economy is that rank-and-file American consumers are over-indebted, under-employed, and broke.
And these consumers account for a staggering 70% of the spending in the U.S. economy.
To restore the economy to health, we need to persuade our companies to balance their priorities — to share more of their wealth with the employees who help earn it.
More broadly, we need to persuade our companies to focus on creating value for all of their constituencies, not just shareholders.
Walmart employs 1.4 million Americans, approximately 1% of the entire American workforce. The average full-time Walmart associate makes $12 an hour — $480 a week and $25,000 a year. That's just above the poverty line.
These 1.4 million Americans who are dedicating their lives to making Walmart successful, in other words, are paid so little that they're nearly poor. Walmart itself made $27 billion of operating profit in 2011. If Walmart were to give each of its U.S. associates a $5,000 raise, it would cost the company $7 billion a year. This would reduce Walmart's operating profit to a still-extremely-healthy $20 billion. It would also give 1.4 million hard-working Americans another $100 a week to spend. And, chances are, they'd spend a lot of it at Walmart.
The same can be said for Bank of America, Citigroup, and many other huge American companies that are furiously engaged in finding ways to fire people and cut costs. In addition to their massively profitable Wall Street operations, these banks have huge branch networks in which tellers and local loan officers make modest salaries while serving their communities. Some of them would undoubtedly be grateful for a raise. And they'd probably spend it close to home.
The point is that our three-decade drive to make our companies more efficient has been spectacularly successful — so successful that, in the interests of "maximizing profits," we're now starving the key growth driver of the economy, average Americans.
Business Insider, St. Louis FedHow can we fix the economy? We can reinvest profits in people.To fix this, our companies need to share more of their wealth with their employees.
They need to aim to earn a reasonable profit, not a "maximized" one.
And they need to reinvest their excess profits in creating more value for their other constituencies, namely customers, employees, and society.
"Fairness" and "sharing" have become dirty words in our country, words that immediately get the speaker branded a "liberal" or "communist." This is depressing. Fairness and sharing aren't political concepts, and the fact that they're interpreted that way shows just how polarized the country has become.
But given that half the country now associates "voluntary sharing" with "communism," arguing that companies should share their wealth because it's the right thing to do won't get us very far.
So let's just base the argument on self-interest.
It is very much in companies' self-interest to pay employees more.
If companies pay their employees more, they'll increase loyalty, reduce turnover, and get better employees. Over the long term, this should reduce training and hiring costs. By increasing customer satisfaction, it should also increase revenue. By paying their employees more, companies will also put more money in the hands of American consumers, who will then turn around and use it to buy products and services from American companies. So the companies will help accelerate the growth of the economy as a whole. And as the economy grows, so will the companies. This, in turn, will help create more long-term shareholder value.
In short, to restore our economy and society to health, we need a new corporate mission in America.
We need to stop maximizing profit and start maximizing value.