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Using photos to trick viewers into falling for illusions has been as popular as the medium of photography itself.
While scalpels and glue were once the main tools of the trade, Adobe's landmark Photoshop software brought picture manipulation to the modern era - and made it available to the masses. Magazine covers and ads were no longer the only places where one could turn to for warped visions of reality. With the click of a mouse, anyone could vanish their most hated blemishes from pictures or add elements that were never there.
Now, AI has made image manipulation a part of daily life. Accessible phone apps can show us how we'd look 40 years in the future, while "deepfake" videos take reality-altering to its extreme: it grafts faces onto images and videos so convincingly, people who view them are sure they're portraying actual events.
Here are the biggest leaps image-manipulating technology has made in the last decades.
This photograph, known as "General Grant at City Point," depicts Union General Ulysses S. Grant at his most heroic. Well, sort of.
The photograph, according to the Library of Congress, is actually from around 1902 — 40 years after the Civil War. It was created by a Washington, DC, photographer named Levin Corbin Handy, who hoped to make money selling heroic Civil War photos.
Different images contributed to the final product.
Grant's head came from this informal portrait taken in Cold Harbor, Virginia, in 1864. The horse and body came from Maj. Gen. Alexander McDowell McCook, from a July 1864 photograph.
The scenery was fake, too. It wasn't City Point at all: It was a camp for Confederate prisoners who were captured in the Battle of Fisher's Hill, which explains why no one is paying much attention to Grant or his horse in the doctored photo.
Composite images could also create some fantastic illusions.
Convinced this photo is real? The grasshopper's shadow isn't in the same direction as the man's. If it were, it would be slanting left along the man's pants or on the ground. And not to state the obvious, but grasshoppers don't grow three feet long.
This photograph, though quite absurd, was thought to be real by many people. According to the Kansas Historical Society, it was created by Frank D. "Pop" Conard, from Garden City, Kansas, in 1937. In fact, he made several images featuring giant grasshoppers, which he called "hopper whoppers."
Double exposures were an early camera trick.
When photography was new, some people thought the idea of capturing a spirit on film was completely plausible. So when photographs of "spirits" surfaced, like this one, people believed they were real.
This image, known as "The Haunted Lane," was created in 1889 and signed "Melander & Bro." It was put together using the double exposure technique, in which a photo is taken (in this case of the terrified men), and the camera lens covered up. When the "spirit" walks into the frame, the camera is opened up for another brief second, and the spirit walks away, creating an ethereal, transparent effect over the first image.
Dictators of all stripes relied on retouching to alter photos that portrayed "inconvenient" realities.
The missing man in the second image above is Naval Commissar Nikolai Yezhov, according to "The Commissar Vanishes" by David King. The first photograph was taken sometime in 1938 or '39, and was later retouched to make Yezhov "disappear" after he was executed during one of Stalin's great purges.
All it took was a scalpel, glue, a bit of paint (or pencil), and some airbrushing for a semi-photorealistic effect. Even the original image was retouched to make the water more visible (and reportedly, Stalin more handsome). "Stalin's pockmarked face, in particular, demanded exceptional skills with the airbrush," King writes.
The Photoshop program brought image manipulation to the masses.
Photoshop has done more to change the nature of photography than any other tool.
Instead of hand-altering images, editors can endlessly tamper with them on a computer screen. This is most often see in ads and magazine covers, which has led critics to say that digital "perfectionism" is destroying America's body image.
The software was first created by Thomas and John Knoll in the late 1980s, and was then sold to Adobe in 1990.
According to Merriam-Webster, the first known use of "Photoshop" as a verb when talking about changing photos occured in 1992. This wouldn't have been possible without Adobe's landmark photo-editing software.
In this picture, a burger is photographed for a Canadian publicity shoot. The burger on the left, after some real-life alterations by on-set crew, was Photoshopped into the burger on the right.
Snapchat's Face Swap filter was an overnight sensation.
Snapchat introduced the Face Swap function on its app back in 2016, and it's been a viral source of entertainment ever since. People swap their faces with their friends, family, or even statues. In fact, you can swap your face with just about anything, including chocolate chip cookies.
FaceApp uses AI to give viewers a glimpse of their future.
FaceApp is the latest viral trend in facial recognition, but instead of swapping out your face, you can get an idea of what you'd look like in 40 years.
The AI-powered photo-editing software goes a step further than Snapchat in that it's very convincing. It's probably what inspired celebrities like Gordon Ramsay, Drake, and the Jonas Brothers to try it out.
It's drawn much more controversy than Snapchat as well, mainly because the app collects and stores data and photos for ads and other purposes. The app is also Russian, which worries critics concerned over the influence of Russian hackers on the 2016 presidential race.
Augmented reality places image manipulation in the third dimension.
Augmented reality (AR) is perhaps the most literal reality-altering tool on this list, because it's meant to alter the three-dimensional space around a viewer.
While the most popular implentation of the tech so far has been the "Pokémon Go" game, more practical real-world applications include the Gatwick passenger app, which helps travelers navigate the London airport to find check-in desks, gates, and baggage claim. Ikea also made its own AR app, the Ikea Place app, which helps users envisage what their homes would look like with, say, a POÄNG chair.
Deepfakes can easily change the faces and voices of people in videos.
You may remember Tom Hanks meeting John F. Kennedy in "Forrest Gump," the closest thing the world had to a deepfake in 1994. They're much more convincing now.
The term "deepfake" is a portmanteau of "deep learning" and "fake." These deceptive videos are made using AI technology, often as jokes (as in Jim Carrey's "impersonation" of Jack Nicholson in "The Shining").
Deepfake technology has also been used for pornography. There have been several instances of "revenge porn" using apps like DeepNude, which let users graft any face onto porn stars' bodies.
Deepfakes have been created to point out how easy it is to be fooled by them.
To prove how deceptive deepfakes can be, BuzzFeed made a video of Barack Obama saying things no president would ever say, like "I don't know, Killmonger was right," or "President Trump is a complete and total dips---."
The video was created by German computer scientists using the Face2Face computer software, which enables users to make anyone say virtually anything. Obama's "voice" was provided by actor and director Jordan Peele, known for his pitch-perfect impersonations of the president on his sketch show, "Key & Peele."
