Federal agents can search your phone at the US border - here's how to protect your personal information
And that can include flipping through your phone, computer, and any other electronic devices you have with you.
As US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) outlines in a tearsheet it provides to people at the border, federal agents can seize and search your phone, and even make a copy of it to have forensic experts analyze its contents off-site.
How can they do that?
The Supreme Court decided in 1976 that people have fewer claims to their Fourth Amendment privacy rights granted by the Constitution when entering the country, because the government has to protect its borders.
While the high court has ruled that police can't search peoples' phones inside the country without a warrant because they contain troves of personal information, it hasn't decided on a case applying this ideal to the border yet.
"Searches of people at the border is an area where there's a wide gap between what we think people's rights are and what their facts are on the ground," Nathan Freed Wessler, a staff attorney with the American Civil Liberties Union, told Business Insider.
"Various courts haven't had an opportunity to weigh in on these issues yet, so CBP is operating with a lot of claimed authority and a lot of latitude."
Here's what you need to know, and what you can do to protect the personal information on your electronic devices at the border:
Can you refuse to give them your phone?
Wessler said agents can detain you (courts are divided on how long is too long), they can take your phone and try to unlock it on site, and they can even take your phone and send it off for experts to unlock it.
They may also make copies of your device(s) to peruse at a later date, which DHS says it will destroy if the data's not "necessary for law enforcement purposes."
If you are a citizen or legal permanent resident (green card holder), they will have to let you back into the country eventually. If you are not a citizen, border agents can refuse your entry to the United States.
"People need to decide whether they're willing to endure those inconveniences when they're deciding whether to give their password," Wessler said. "For non-citizens, visa holders, and others, people often need to consider whether there's a risk they'll be denied entry and turned away at the border for refusing to comply. We've received scattered results of that happening."
Can you claim you have confidential files on your phone?
Lawyers, medical professionals, and journalists can claim they have privileged, confidential files, Wessler said, but there's no guarantee agents will recognize it as a deterrent.
CBP has recognized that lawyers in particular have attorney-client privilege, and that agents have to get approval from an agency attorney before proceeding with the search - but they can still search the phone.
Should you ask for a lawyer?
If you decline to unlock your phone and agents give you a hard time, Wessler said people should feel "empowered" to ask for a lawyer, though you will have to pay for their services yourself. The government is not required to provide you with one for free if you ask.
If you anticipate running into issues at the border, Wessler said, it would help to carry a signed letter from your attorney saying they will represent you.
"US citizens and green card holders have the right to request an attorney," he said. "It's not clear at all whether the government has been respecting those requests to the extent that it should."
How common is it?
From October 2008 to June 2010, over 6,500 people had their electronic devices searched at the border, nearly half of whom were US citizens, according to a Freedom of Information request the ACLU filed.
A CBP spokesman told the New York Times that agents inspected 4,444 cellphones and 320 other electronic devices in 2015, a relatively small number compared to the 383 million arrivals recorded in the US that year.
And while Wessler said seizing phones at the border "is not a new problem," the ACLU has seen an anecdotal uptick in people reporting their devices have been searched.
How can you protect your data?
First, Wessler recommends, only travel with the data that you need. That may mean using burner phones or laptops for traveling. After all, he said, "Authorities can't search what you don't have."
Second, use encryption services. The Electronic Frontier Foundation and Wired both have exhaustive guides to keeping federal authorities (or hackers, for that matter) from accessing your data. Always choose long, strong, unique passwords for each device and account.
Third, power your devices completely off before going through customs. This is when the encryption services are at their strongest.
Obviously these recommendations won't be options for everyone, but adopting any number of them can help you keep your data under wraps.
Will this change in the future?
The Ninth Circuit of Appeals (covering Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) has ruled that border agents must demonstrate a reasonable suspicion of criminal wrongdoing before doing a full forensic search of electronic devices (where they download and analyze the full contents), but can do a cursory search where they just thumb through the phone without individualized suspicion.
"In the rest of the country," Wessler said, "the government still claims the authority to do any search they want of any electronic device anytime they want to, which we think is a gross violation of people's privacy rights under the Fourth Amendment, but the cases have yet to work their way into the courts."