IEA slams India's gas pricing policy, says it reduces incentives for producers to raise supply
In its first in-depth review of India's energy policies, IEA said for the share of environment-friendly fuel to rise, the government needs to ensure gas is treated on a level playing field with other fuels for taxation and is included under the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
However, one challenge to raising share of natural gas in the energy basket to 15 per cent by 2030 from current 6 per cent is gas pricing, it said. "Linking domestic gas prices to a basket of (very low) international reference prices has reduced incentives for domestic producers to increase supply."
The Narendra Modi government, after storming to power in 2014, had approved a formula to price domestically produced gas at the average rate prevailing in gas exporting countries such as the US, UK, Canada, and Russia.
Price according to this formula currently is USD 3.23 per million British thermal unit, half of what India's pays for import of liquefied natural gas (LNG).
With stagnant domestic output, India meets half of its gas needs through imports. "India's latest 2014 gas price mechanism focuses very much on reducing the price level rather than the creation of a market-based system to reflect the domestic supply-demand structure in India," it said.
IEA said there is no trading hub yet in India, although its creation has been suggested for 2019.
"The creation of a gas hub would allow transparent price discovery on the basis of buyers and sellers interacting in an open market, and has the potential to remove the multiple price regimes in India," it said.
Stating that the government should go ahead and implement the creation of a gas hub, it said international experience suggests that a virtual trading hub with an entry-exit regime based on transmission capacity is highly suited for market areas with limited transmission capacity and limited domestic production but rising LNG imports.
The experience in the European Union can be very instructive for India. It has taken more than a decade to create a liquid natural gas market across 28 EU states, it said, adding a liquid and well-functioning domestic gas market would be a strong pillar for India's security of gas supply.
"The reforms that allow marketing freedom to new supplies might help. However, there is still very low interest from new upstream companies to bid for acreage, given the competition from incumbent producers that sell gas at below its cost of production," IEA said.
"The price of domestic gas is lower than that of (imported) LNG and is defined by indexation to international markets. Since India sources around 50 oer cent of its LNG imports via long-term contracts and the other half from spot markets, the price difference between oil-linked and spot gas is very important for Indian buyers."
IEA said the government should "Foster the creation of a liquid market for natural gas in India, gradually moving from gas allocation and multiple pricing regimes to the creation of a gas hub, so that domestic gas and LNG imports can be used in the most efficient way and competition can flourish."
Also, there is a need to strengthen and clarify the roles and responsibilities with regard to the regulatory supervision of natural gas market activities (upstream, midstream and downstream) to ensure a non-discriminatory access regime to pipeline capacity so that both LNG imports and new gas discoveries can find their way to markets and investment in gas transport and storage is encouraged, it said.
The government, it said, must "ensure gas is treated on a level playing field with other fuels for taxation and is included under the GST, as the country strives to increase the share of gas in total energy supply."
In 2017, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced with the aim of further rationalising taxation and reducing overlapping taxes between state and central governments. As many as 17 central and state levies such as excise duty and VAT were amalgamated in GST.
But not all energy sectors are covered and not at the same rate. Crude oil, petrol, diesel, jet fuel (ATF) and natural gas do not fall under GST and they continue to incur central excise duty and state value-added tax (VAT).
Other fuels such as coal, naphtha, furnace oil, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) have been brought under GST.
"For natural gas to compete in India, costs have to come down, including through rationalisation of subsidies for coal and LPG and adjustment of the GST. Since natural gas does not fall under the GST, gas consumption is taxed at several state and central government levels, in addition to the gas transport tariffs.
"Bringing natural gas under the GST and introducing a postage stamp gas transport tariff would reduce these costs and create a level playing field with other fuels," IEA said.
IEA also said access to LNG facilities currently needs to be negotiated with the owner. But the government is considering establishing an open access regime for these facilities.