What 7 of the most confusing terms you see at a bar actually mean, according to a bartender

Fernet is a type of common digestif most widely associated with the brand Fernet-Branca, which has distilleries in Milan and Buenos Aires.

There are other types of Fernets. What defines them is their bold, herbaceous, bitter flavor.

You might ask the bartender how much Fernet is in a cocktail if those qualities don't sound appealing. When used in small amounts, I like to think of Fernet as a way to add depth to a cocktail, like the classic Toronto, without overpowering the flavor of the base spirit.

The yin to the digestif's yang are aperitifs. Aperol, Campari and Cynar — the last of which is also considered a digestif because of its artichoke composition — are all aperitifs you'll commonly see used by bartenders.

Aperol — whose namesake cocktail the Aperol Spritz was slandered this summer by The New York Times — is used in one of my favorite twists on a Last Word cocktail, the Paper Plane.

Campari is one of the three spirits in the ubiquitous Negroni, and Cynar has a flavor I almost love too much to combine in a cocktail, preferring to sip on or shoot it alone.

Aperitifs like those three are significantly lower in alcohol content than most spirits, so are great for drinkers who need to take it a little easier.

Bitters can be a detail meant for aesthetic flourish in an egg-white cocktail À la latte art, or they can be a vital part of a cocktail's build, like in an Old Fashioned.

You can be assured for the most part though that if you see a bitters ingredient listed in a cocktail, you will taste it.

As the name implies, bitters are super dense in flavor, and usually high in alcohol by volume. You only need a drop or two for impact.

More than once I've kicked myself for forgetting a drop of bitter that changes the entire character of a cocktail. On my current menu, I work with a cocktail called The Diablo that can be served with or without a locally made ghost-pepper bitter.

Even though it's only one drop, it's been sent back multiple times on account of being too spicy.

Similar to bitters, tinctures are a powerful, concentrated, alcoholic flavorings added in small amounts to a cocktail.

They're usually homemade by the bar, and added to the drink with flourish. Where I work, a chamomile tincture in a perfume spray bottle was elegantly spritzed as the final touch to a sour-style Scotch cocktail.

Tinctures tend to be more aromatic and less bitter than, well, bitters.

Luxardo is a type of liqueur, not to be confused with "liquor." While a liquor is any of your classic base distilled spirits — gin, vodka, bourbon, tequila — a liqueur, while also a distilled spirit, must have sweetener and flavor added to be considered a liqueur.

They often have a supporting role in cocktails, and Luxardo is one of the most common players in classics: The Aviation, Last Word, and Martinez to name a few.

Like its distinctive bottle, so too is its flavor — to me, a combination of syrupy sweet, nutty, and floral.

Shrubs are a recent favorite in the bar world. And we aren't referring to green foliage if you see "shrub" on the menu.

At their core, shrubs are a fruity, vinegar-based syrup used as a cocktail flavoring. You might see them these days paired with a spirit and fruit as a drink name, such as "Blackberry Gin Shrub," or listed as a cocktail ingredient.

Why do we love them? Because for starters, they keep for a long time. So we can make a whole lot, and throw what we don't need for the weekend in the fridge.

The tart, acidic flavor is also a great twist on the age-old "sour" variations on cocktails that comprise sweetener and citrus.

Pronounced "kuh-cha-suh," cachaça is best known as the base spirit of the national drink of Brazil, the Caipirinhas. Flavor-wise, cachaça is almost like a more funky-tasting rum.

It's an enormously popular choice for bartenders to use in their summer cocktail menus as an inventive twist on a typical rum tiki drink. Sadly for us though, a lot of people feel too intimidated to order it because the spirit is so unfamiliar.

So don't be intimidated. Both rum and cachaça are derivatives of sugarcane, however, cachaça is specifically a distilled sugarcane juice, whereas rum mostly comes from refined sugarcane byproducts like molasses.

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