India’s second mission to the moon will use these 14 high-tech instruments to look for water

^{Terrain mapping camera to go on board the Chandrayaan 2 mission (Source: ESA)}

The TMC2 is a miniature version of the TMC 1 used for the Chandrayaan 1 mission. The objective of the camera is the map the lunar surface using its panchromatic spectral band that has a high spatial resolution of 5 meters. It is capable of covering 20 kilometres (km) to 100 km of the lunar polar orbit.

The data collected can be used to understand how the moon came into existence and create a 3D representation of the lunar surface to help guide future mission.

^{JEOL Soft X-Ray Emission Spectrometer (Source:JEOL)}

Where mapping the lunar surface is a superficial endeavor, the CLASS can analyse the different elements of the moon. It will be able to detect if any of the major elements — like Aluminium, Magnesium, Silicon, Calcium, Sodium, Iron or Titanium — are present on the Moon’s South Pole.

The X-ray Spectrometer technology allows CLASS to detect these elements by measuring the X-Rays that they emit as the Sun’s rays hit them.

^{Solar X-Ray Monitor onboard the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter (Source: Science Direct)}

The XSM is a support mechanism for CLASS. It keeps an eye on the X-Rays emitted by the Sun and its corona. It’s able the measure their intensity and them pass on that data to CLASS for support the spectrometer’s analysis.

^{Graphic representation of Chandrayaan 2's orbiter with the OHRC onboard (Source:ISRO)}

Data alone doesn’t always tell the whole story. Visually capturing the Moon’s South Pole won’t only help ensure a safe touchdown for the lander but will also give scientists on Earth a look at the terrain after the lander separates from the orbiter.

The OHRC is going to capture image for two lunar orbits and cover an area of 12 km by 3 km.

^{The OSIRIS-REx Visible and Infrared Spectrometer (OVIRS) measuring visible and near infrared light from the asteroid Bennu (Source:Wikimedia)}

While most of the scientific instruments onboard the Chandrayaan2 so far have had only one mission to carry out, the IIRS have two separate objectives and a third smaller task to carry out.

First off, it’s going to be key in accomplishing one Chandrayaan 2’s mission objectives — analysing the presence of water on the moon.

And while its looking for water, the IIRS will also be mapping the minerals and volatilities of the moon.

Aside for its two primary objectives, the IIRS will measure the solar radiation that’s reflection off the Moon’s surface from 100kms in the lunar orbit.

^{NASA ISRO synthetic aperture radar satellite (Source: NASA)}

SAR is also a key payload for Chandrayaan. While the IIRS will be looking for water, SAR will be trying to provide a quantitative estimate of exactly how much water is present in the Moon's polar region.

SAR will also be measuring the thickness of the Moon’s crust and its distribution. The crust maybe thicker is some places and thinner in others, that could help plan future missions and pin point where it may be easier to dig for further exploration.

In addition, SAR will be compiling a high resolution map of the Moon’s South Pole.

^{Artist's concept of ACE located between the sun and the Earth Source:NASA}

CHACE 2 will build on the experiment that was already being carried out by CHACE on India’s first mission to the moon — to can the lunar neutral exosphere and carry out an in-situ study of its composition and durability.

So, as the orbiter travels around the South Pole, CHACE 2 will be taking on the spot readings of the exosphere.

^{The moon's ionosphere Source:NASA}

The Moon’s ionosphere — the place where the Moon’s atmosphere meets the vacuum of space — is a dynamic plasma environment. Langmuir probes, using units of exposure used to study ultra-high vacuum surfaces and the absorption of gases, have been proven to effective to analyse such an environment.

Using the probe, RAMBHA will be able to understand the temporal evolution of lunar plasma for the very first time near the Moon’s surface under different solar conditions.

^{CHaSTE will be aboard the lander, Vikram Source: BCCL}

As the name suggests, CHaSTE’s main objective to track the temperature variations on the moon and ascertain possible causes. The payload has two settings. One, where CHaSTE carries out live readings of the temperature variations at different depths and two, where temperatures variations are set for a designated time period. In the second mode, the objective is to see how the moon’s crust responds to changes in temperature.

^{Passive seismic experiment aboard NASA's Apollo 11 mission Source: NASA}

Earthquakes on the moon aren’t uncommon but studying them could unravel how they specifically affect the South Pole. ILSAI can detect even the most minute of ground displacement, velocity and acceleration caused by earthquakes on the Moon.

^{APXS aboard NASA's rover on Mars, Curiosity Source: NASA}

The APXS’ primary objective to measure the elemental composition of the Moon’s surface near the landing site. Using X-Ray technology, APXS will be able to detect where X-Ray — or alpha particles — are more active in comparison to other regions.

Using that data, the payload can detect where to find possible deposits of sodium, magnesium, silica calcium and other major elements.

^{Two dimensional elemental mapping by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy Source: CEITEC BUT}

LIBS has a similar objective as the APXS — to detect the abundance and types of elements located close to the landing site. The main difference is that instead of using X-Rays, LIBS fires out high-powered laser pulses and analyses the resulting radiation caused by the decay of plasma.

^{NASA's LRA Souce: SpaceIL}

ISRO hasn’t disclosed too many details about NASA’s experiment except that the aim to understand the dynamic nature of the Earth’s Moon system and find clues on the lunar interior.