Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin is the only child of a decorated war veteran and factory worker in the slums of Leningrad. He grew up in a Soviet Union styled communal apartment with two other families — as was typical at the time.
Source: Encyclopedia, TIME
The photographer Platon — who took Putin's infamous Time Magazine cover in 2007 — said that Paul is Putin's favorite Beatle, and "Yesterday" is his favorite song.
However, "by [Putin's] own account, his favorite songs are Soviet standards, not Western rock. He has been deeply conservative his whole life," Karen Dawisha wrote in her new book, "Putin's Kleptocracy."
Source: Encyclopedia
Former deputy finance minister and first deputy chairman of the Central Bank Sergey Alaksashenko believes that Putin's love of judo says something about his foreign policy.
"Unlike chess, a judo fighter should not wait for the opponent's move. His strategy is to wait until he gets a chance to execute a single quick move — and then take a step back. Successful judo fighters must anticipate their opponents' actions, make a decisive, preemptive move and try to disable them," he wrote in the Moscow Times.
Source: Encyclopedia
Putin reportedly loved the popular 1960s book series turned TV series "17 Moments of Spring" starring the Soviet double-agent Max Otto von Stierlitz (né Vsevolod Vladimirovich Vladimirov) who rose up the ranks into Nazi elite during World War II.
Putin said about the series: "What amazed me most of all was how one man's effort could achieve what whole armies could not."
Source: Putin: Russia's Choice
Reportedly, Putin mastered the German language so well that he could imitate regional dialects. Unlike most KGB agents, Putin liked hanging out with Germans. He was particularly fond of the "German discipline."
But how exactly Putin spent his time in East Germany is relatively unknown. According to the Kremlin, he was awarded the bronze medal "For Faithful Service to the National People's Army."
Source: Newsweek
By 1991, Putin officially resigned from the KGB's active reserve.
Sobchak took his former student with him into office, and thus Putin began a life in public government work.
Source: Kremlin
For the most part, people didn't really care either way because they knew that they "were under surveillance" in general at the time, according to Newsweek.
Publically, Putin has never tried to deny his involvement with the KGB.
Source: Newsweek
Putin was always behind the scenes and kept a low profile. Reportedly, he was "the man to see if things needed to get done" and "Sobchak's indispensable man."
Source: Barbarians of Wealth: Protecting Yourself from Today's Financial Attilas
... but the case was dismissed pretty quickly "due to lack of evidence."
Back in the early 1990s, Putin was in charge of a deal where $100 million worth of raw materials would be exported in exchange for food for the citizens of St. Petersburg. Although the materials were exported, the St. Petersburg citizens never got the food.
Reportedly, Putin was the one who signed off on the deal — but the Kremlin denies this.
Source: Barbarians of Wealth: Protecting Yourself from Today's Financial Attilas
Putin was the campaign manager for Sobchak's re-election. Vladimir Yakovlev, who had the support of the powerful Moscow mayor, ran against Sobchak and won. He offered Putin a gig in his office, but Putin declined it.
Source: Newsweek
Putin held a variety jobs in Moscow from 1996 to 1999, eventually ending up as the head of the FSB (aka the KGB's successor.)
"In July 1998, Yeltsin named Putin head of the FSB, the successor agency to the KGB. It was a job the president would have given only to the most trusted of aides," according to Newsweek.
Source: Kremlin
Putin has said about the Russian capital: "I can't say that I didn't love Moscow. I just loved St. Petersburg more. But Moscow, it's completely obvious — it's a European city."
Source: Kremlin
"Despite the workload, in 1997 he defended his Ph.D thesis in economics in the St. Petersburg State Mining Institute," according to the Kremlin.
However, Putin's economics expertise has been called into question.
The man who used to be the "Kremlin's Banker," Sergei Pugachev, said: "Vladimir Putin does not understand economics. He does not like it. It is dry. It's boring to hear these reports, to read them."
Source: Kremlin
Putin was the fifth Prime Minister in less than two years, and nobody believed Yeltsin when he declared Putin as his successor.
In fact, everyone was expecting Yevgeny Primakov to be the next president because he had a more impressive career and was a "friend of everyone from Madeleine Albright to Saddam Hussein."
Source: Newsweek
Many people believed that Yeltsin propelled Putin to presidency in order to protect himself: The war in Chechnya was starting to curdle, and his ratings were starting to drop.
Interestingly, one of Putin's first moves was to pardon Yeltsin "immunity from criminal or administrative investigations, including protection of his papers, residence and other possessions from search and seizure."
Source: New York Times
The exact quote from his speech is:
"I want to warn that by any attempts to go beyond the Russian laws, beyond the Constitution of Russia, will be strongly suppressed. Freedom of speech. Freedom of conscience. Freedom of mass media. Property rights. These basic principles of the civilized society will be safe under the protection of the state."
You can watch the whole speech here on YouTube.
Putin inherited Russia during a particularly complicated time. The country was in the midst of a conflict with Chechnya — a region that's officially considered a Russian subject.
Additionally, Yeltsin-era oligarchs were increasingly interested in expanding their political influence.
Source: The Guardian
"In July of [2000], Putin told the oligarchs that he would not interfere with their businesses or renationalize state resources as long as they stayed out of politics — that is, as long as they did not challenge or criticize the president," according to the Council on Foreign Relations.
Source: The Council on Foreign Relations, The Guardian.
In 2002, a Moscow theatre was seized by 40 Chechen militants, who were led by the warlord Movsar Barayev, and 129 out of the 912 hostages died during this three-day ordeal.
This was a critical moment for Putin, and many expected his domestic approval to plummet. But his "ruthless handling of the siege and his refusal to negotiate with the hostage-takers further shored up his reputation as a man of action."
His approval rating was up at 83% after it was all over.
Source: BBC
Journalist Anna Politkovskaya was murdered in her apartment lobby after she wrote about corruption in the Russian army with respect to Chechnya. Many in the Western media criticized Putin for failing to protect the media.
Those accused of the murder "testified that Akhmed Zakayev and Boris Berezovksy (one of the Yeltsin-era oligarchs) could be the clients, who ordered the murder of Anna Politkovskaya," according to TASS.
Source: Independent
During Putin's first two terms, Russia's GDP went up 70%, and investments went up by 125%.
"Russia's GDP in 2007 reached the 1990 level, which means that the country has overcome the consequences of the economic crisis that devastated the 1990s," following the collapse of the Soviet Union.
But Putin's Russia was really lucky in that the country largely relied on oil. (The recent drop in oil prices reflects how much of a difference it makes.)
Source: Sputnik News
When the global financial crisis hit, things got really got bad. The Russian economy was slammed particularly hard because it relied heavily on Western investment.
Additionally, the financial crisis really showed just how dependent the Russian economy is on oil and gas, and how intertwined the industry was with the country's political economy, according to the Brookings Institute.
Source: Brookings Institute
The Russo-Georgia conflict involving Russia, Georgia, and the two regions South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The two regions have been trying to get formal independence since the 1990s — Russia recognizes the independence, which has been condemned by Western nations.
"After the 2008 conflict, Moscow declared that it would formally recognize the independence of both South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Russia's allies Nicaragua and Venezuela followed suit, as did a number of small Pacific island states," according to the BBC.
Internationally, South Ossetia is still considered to be "officially part of Georgia." And Georgia considers Abkhazia to be a "breakaway region."
Source: BBC
There was some controversy over this election. The constitutionality of his third term was called into question, and critics believed that there was electoral fraud.
However, officially, Putin registered nearly 64% of the vote.
Source: The Guardian
The ousted Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych "sent a letter to" Putin "requesting that he use Russia's military to restore law and order in Ukraine."
The Russian Parliament granted Putin "broad authority to use military force in response to the political upheaval in Ukraine that dislodged a Kremlin ally and installed a new, staunchly pro-Western government, the Ukrainian government in Kiev threatened war if Russia sent troops further into Ukraine," reported The New York Times.
On March 2, Russian took complete control of Crimea, and on March 16, an "overwhelming majority" of Ukrainians voted to secede from Ukraine and join Russia.
Source: NBC News
Russia has a deal to build a $70 billion gas pipeline with China. The two nations are also considering building "a high-speed rail line thousands of kilometers from Moscow to Beijing."
"Isolated over Ukraine, Russia is relying on China for the investment it needs to avert a recession," three people involved in policy planning told Bloomberg.
Source: Bloomberg News
Back when Putin was a deputy mayor in St. Petersburg, his inner circle cronies referred to him as "Boss." Today, they refer to him as "Tsar," and Forbes just named him the most powerful person in 2014.
And there's no telling what people will call him next.