Biosphere 2 is nestled in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains in Oracle, Arizona. The area is part of the Sonoran Desert: an arid, unforgiving, and eerily Mars-like region that stretches from western Mexico into the US Southwest.
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A roughly 80-foot-tall glass pyramid poking out of the hillside greets visitors.
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Architect Peter Pearce created Biosphere 2's space-age frame out of 77,000 steel struts and 6,600 silicon-lined glass panes to trap air inside. It can even withstand orange-size hail, which pummels Arizona about once every century.
The first crew (there were two) walked through a modified submarine bulkhead on September 26, 1991, and sealed the airlock behind them. They wouldn't leave for two years. That entryway is where tours begin today.
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Business Insider's personal tour guide through Biosphere 2 was John Adams, the facility's deputy director. Adams has worked there since the mid-1990s and is an expert on its complex systems, science, and history.
"It really showed us how little we truly understand Earth systems, and how infinitely complex they are," Adams said of the first Biosphere 2 closure experiment. "There were a lot of people who said, 'you bottle this up, you close it up, is just going to turn into a big ball of slime.'"
It didn't, and the eight crew members emerged alive — though they wound up needing some outside assistance.
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When the first crew of "biospherians" settled inside the complex, it trapped 7.2 million cubic feet of air — yet leaked only the equivalent of a thumb-size hole.
Though the facility was once a privately funded experiment in human survival, the University of Arizona bought it in 2011. It now operates as a scientific research facility, conference center, and tourist attraction.
Admission costs $20 per adult, with discounts for students, seniors, and military personnel.
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Biosphere 2 has seen about 3 million tourists and 500,000 students since 1991. The site also contains a village where visiting researchers can dorm. It's deafeningly quiet out there in the desert, save for the wailing of coyotes at dusk.
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Inside Biosphere 2, five "wilderness" zones — rainforest, ocean, savanna, marsh, and desert — emulated Earth's ecosystems. They helped scrub carbon dioxide from the air and generated oxygen. The crew lived in a connected human habitat and farmed crops in an agriculture zone that's now called the hill slope.
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In that intensive agriculture zone, shown here in 1993, crew members spent most of their 12-hour days toiling in the fields and animal pens to harvest enough calories.
The kitchen was hallowed ground. Biospherians ate only what they could grow — mostly sweet potatoes and beans. It took four months to harvest enough ingredients to cook a pizza. Animals had to be raised and slaughtered to get meat. Coffee was a bimonthly luxury.
Biospherians kept detailed records of seeds, plants, food, and animals. About 20% of species inside went extinct during the first 2-year experiment — mostly insects that were out-competed by cockroaches and crazy ants. Today a small fraction of original species survive.
Crops no longer grow in the hill slope. Instead, the University of Arizona has renovated it into a multi-million-dollar experiment called the Landscape Evolution Observatory, or LEO.
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LEO uses 90-foot-long bins of crushed volcanic rock to study how microbes transform inhospitable grit into environments where plants can take root.
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The goal is to understand how climate change will transform formerly arid regions as they're doused with rain from new weather patterns. Hundreds of sensors and sampling tubes embedded in the bins give scientists a 3D view of the evolving soil. The work may one day come in handy for Martian farmers.
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The most iconic areas of Biosphere 2, however, are its wilderness biomes. The air still smells of wet soil and plants, and — though no longer sealed — it is noticeably more humid in here than the outside desert air.
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The ocean holds about 660,000 gallons of saltwater and undulates with the help of a large wave generator.
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The ocean is one of the largest contained saltwater research facilities in the world, and is being renovated to study coral bleaching, a scary consequence of climate change.
Sources: Biosphere 2, Business Insider (1, 2)
It's a thick, steamy jungle choked with tropical vines and trees.
Visitors aren't typically allowed into the rainforest area beyond a viewing point, but Adams escorted us around.
Biospherians treasured the bananas it grew for them. The sweet fruit was so versatile and prized in meal-making — and snacking — that it had to be locked in a room while it ripened.
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Many of the crew sought out the rainforest's diverse ecosystems and soothing waterfalls for an escape. Today it's an active research facility that's used to study tropical drought due to climate change and the cornucopia of compounds emitted by plants.
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After a trek through the rainforest, Adams walked us through the savannah, which connects the ocean, rainforest, marsh, and desert biomes together.
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Plants of all shapes and sizes fill the savanna. During the first enclosure, it also harbored a troop of four galagos, or nocturnal bush babies, that served as primate companions to the biospherians.
The desert biome at the end of the savanna is an encapsulation of the environment that's right outside.
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Biospherians spent a lot of time weeding the region, since winter condensation on the roof dripped into the soil, growing plants that should have been dormant.
The complex's steel struts not only support the facility's glass panes, Adams explained, but also serve as a way to scale the walls for harvesting, measurement, cleaning, repairs and more. For fun, some biospherians even climbed to the ceiling and dived into Biosphere 2's ocean.
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Today, a few biospherian living quarters are treated as roped-off museum exhibits showcasing some belongings of the second mission's crew. (Due to financial and legal issues, the second enclosure mission lasted only 7 months in 1994.)
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A small science museum set up in Biosphere 2's former control room shows off a prototype for establishing a self-sustaining base on the moon or Mars.
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That concept is called the Mars Lunar Greenhouse, and consists of sealed tubes intended to supply 100% of the oxygen and 50% of the food a person needs in space.
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A central module could deploy a dozen greenhouse tubes to keep a small crew alive for 2 years. This technology could buy crucial time for astronauts to establish a permanent settlement on the moon or Mars. But NASA's funding for the project recently ran dry.
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Around the corner from the museum is a staircase that leads to the habitat's towering library.
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The library offered biospherians a refuge away from the cameras of a never-ending stream of tourists and press. This area is now off-limits to visitors and still has the habitat's original and distinctive purple carpeting.
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Underneath Biosphere 2 is secret underworld of vital human machinery: the Technosphere.
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The Technosphere is a maze of pipes, tubes, conduits, pumps, sprinklers, transformers, air handlers, and all the other parts required to keep air, water, and electricity flowing through the complex.
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As biospherians would discover, concrete that lined the facility's base was soaking up carbon dioxide. Soil microbes were gobbling up oxygen, turning it into carbon dioxide, and trapping it the concrete — away from plants that could turn it back into oxygen.
This led oxygen levels to drop to the equivalent of the peak of a 15,000-foot mountain. To fix the problem, biospherians tried to collect every scrap of organic matter, dry it out in the Technosphere, and halt its decay.
But the design flaw proved too great. Mission managers eventually wheeled 14 metric tons of liquid oxygen through an airlock to make up for the lost gas.
That procedure was performed in one of two domed buildings called "lungs," which helped control Biosphere 2's air pressure and prevent outside air from leaking in. Without them, air that warmed during the day would have expanded and blown out panes of glass, ruining the experiment.
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The lungs are remarkable feats of engineering. A giant, suspended weight creates a slight pressure that ensures air is pushed out of any leaks in Biosphere 2 — not sucked in. A fan above the weight moves it upward during the day as temperatures (and air pressures) rise to prevent glass-pane blowouts.
To show how the lungs work, Adams opened a nearby airlock. The lung's weight immediately descended, forcing a blast of air through the unsealed door.
Sources: "The Human Experiment: Two Years and Twenty Minutes Inside Biosphere 2", Business Insider
With my tour complete, I exited through the gift shop. On display was a book by Jane Poynter, one of the original crew members.
The book is one of the most detailed and candid accounts of Biosphere 2's genesis, construction, goals, and problems.
It's also an insider's account of a plethora of human and scientific controversies that haunt the project's reputation to this day — including a remarkable story involving sabotage, federal agents, and Steve Bannon, the former chief strategist of the Trump administration.
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Poynter eventually married a fellow biospherian named Taber MacCallum. "It was an incredibly audacious and, in so many ways, incredibly successful attempt at building a prototype space base," Poynter said of Biosphere 2.
Together, the couple started a high-altitude balloon company called World View.
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Some scientists today view the experiment with skepticism and describe its founding staff as "cultish" — a description Poynter vehemently rejects. Barring a few design flaws, she said, Biosphere 2 showed that people could survive for years without much if any outside help.
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