Lydia Ramsey/Business Insider
- "Direct-to-consumer" genetics tests have soared in popularity in recent years as the cost of genetics sequencing has plummeted.
- AncestryDNA, Helix, and 23andMe are some of the companies offering the tests.
- But 23andMe is the only one with FDA approval to include information about breast cancer risk based on 3 mutations on the BRCA 1 and 2 genes.
- Experts say that a 'negative' result on 23andMe's test may be problematic for people who go on to assume that they are not at risk for the disease, when in reality they are still at risk.
The eyes may be the windows to the soul, but spit is increasingly the portal to your health.
Consumer genetics company 23andMe recently got a green light from the US Food and Drug Administration to include information on breast cancer risk in its online customer reports, based on screening for three of the multiple genetic mutations linked to the disease. But the new test could be dangerously misleading, according to several genetics experts in the industry that spoke with Business Insider about the new test.
23andMe is one of a handful of new companies offering spit-in-a-tube genetics tests that don't require a doctor, also known as "direct-to-consumer" genetic testing. The tests have soared in popularity in recent years as the cost of genetics sequencing has plummeted.
According to 23andMe, the company has taken multiple steps to ensure that customers do not misinterpret their results. Still, experts say many people could be misled because they fail to read the so-called fine print on the package.
The problem with 23andMe's new test is simple, according to John Witte, the program leader for the cancer genetics program at the University of California, San Francisco. If you do 23andMe's most recent genetics test and come up "negative" for the three cancer-linked mutations it screens for, you may believe your cancer risk is either low or non-existent.
But it isn't.
That's something 23andMe clearly states in the report that will accompany the new test, Andy Kill, a representative for 23andMe, told Business Insider. The company's report will include a mandatory eight-page "education module" that customers must complete before they can see their results, which includes the following statement:
"Women without a variant are still at risk of developing cancer. It's important to continue with any cancer screenings your healthcare provider recommends."
Despite all those warnings, Witte and other experts believe the test could still be troublesome - especially for people who don't thoroughly read all of that information.
"There are many other genetic variants that are linked to breast cancer that wouldn't be picked up by 23andMe's test," Witte said. "A 'negative test' just means you don't carry one of the three mutations it tests for. That's all it means."
Angelina Jolie and the importance of genetic counselors
23andMe's latest test, which will be available to customers in the coming weeks, reveals whether you have a mutation on two genes which have been found to be closely linked to breast and ovarian cancer - also known as the BRCA genes.
Actress Angelina Jolie brought public awareness to the mutations when she made the decision to have her breasts and ovaries removed after testing positive for the BRCA1 mutation.
The problem with a genetics report comes without accompanying information from a doctor or genetic counselor, experts say, is that testing "positive" or "negative" for the mutations doesn't reveal whether you'll get breast cancer. I's merely one of several factors, including things like family history, ancestry, and lifestyle that ultimately determines the development of the disease. To understand the next steps you should take, you should have a physician or a genetics counselor at hand, Witte said.
Jolie did not make the decision to have her breasts and ovaries removed solely because she carried the BRCA1 gene mutation, which interferes with how genes - the blueprint for the proteins that make up cells - function. As she wrote in a 2015 essay for the New York Times, Jolie also had a family history of breast cancer, and that strongly influenced her choice.
Normally, BRCA genes function as safeguards against cancer. They protect cells from growing out of control and developing into the disease. Healthy BRCA genes repair genetic errors that can occur when cells multiply, for example, which is why an improperly-functioning or mutated BRCA gene - although rare amongst the general population - can sharply increase cancer risk.
It's the job of a physician or genetic counselor to walk through all of this dense, complicated information with a patient.
"I hope the people who take this test have genetic counselors. I hope people will at least go see their doctor," Witte said.
Other limitations of the new test
Because BRCA mutations are so rare amongst the general population, 23andMe's new test only holds real value for people with Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, Pamela Munster, a professor of oncology at the University of California San Francisco and co-leader of the Center for BRCA Research, said in an email. For people with Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, the chances of inheriting the mutation are 10 times higher than they are for the general population, of whom only 0.25% have the mutation.
"If you're Ashkenazi Jewish, those are the most common ones for that population, but I don't know that that distinction is going to come through to the average person," Witte said.
The new test does not address breast cancer risk variants among members of other populations, such as people with Latino/Latina heritage, Witte added.
"I do know that in the Latino/Latina populations there are other variants linked with breast cancer risk. So the test isn't going to be very informative for them. But the point is - will they know that it's non-informative? That's a concern."
Kill, the 23andMe representative, said the new test underwent months of FDA review and is safe. "The BRCA-related report is in the same format as our other genetic health risk reports which have undergone extensive user comprehension studies submitted to FDA."