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India’s political landscape is increasingly being defined by the troubling nexus between crime and politics. A study has highlighted a startling correlation: the election of politicians with criminal records is directly linked to a rise in crime across the country, particularly in states with weaker institutional frameworks. As India's political system continues to grapple with this issue, the societal consequences are becoming clear. <h2>A history of <keyword id="23341122" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="criminal-politicians" source="keywords">criminal politicians</keyword></h2><keyword id="21026899" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pappu-Yadav" source="keywords">Pappu Yadav</keyword>, a veteran politician from Bihar, serves as a prime example of this disturbing trend. Having represented his constituency for nearly 25 years, Yadav has faced 41 criminal cases, including serious accusations of murder and kidnapping. Despite his conviction in 2008, Yadav was acquitted in 2013, and he continues to hold political influence. His case is not unique; the political scene in states like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh is littered with politicians facing multiple criminal charges. Anant Singh, another prominent figure from Bihar, holds a political career shadowed by 38 criminal cases, including murder, kidnapping, and attempts to murder. These individuals represent a broader pattern where politicians accused of serious crimes continue to serve in public office despite their criminal backgrounds. "They are getting elected, and over time the number has only been going up," remarks lead author Nishith Prakash. "In some states, it could be as high as almost 40% of people who are representing the state have some kind of a criminal accusation." <h2>Crime begets crime</h2>The research delves into the ramifications of electing criminally accused politicians. The study found that states with a higher number of such politicians also experienced increased <keyword id="22044507" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="crime-rates" source="keywords">crime rates</keyword>. For example, states like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Uttar Pradesh, known for their historically weak institutions, have seen crime rise by 4.3% annually with the election of criminal politicians. The number increases to 5.8% when the politicians are accused of serious crimes like murder and kidnapping. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="113692670" title="What will it take for Kangana Ranaut’s &amp;#39;Emergency&amp;#39; to finally hit theatres?" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>Prakash notes that weak rule of law and institutional failure create fertile ground for such politicians to not only rise to power but also exacerbate the deteriorating law-and-order situation. When politicians themselves are involved in criminal activities, they often manipulate legal and administrative systems, further weakening law enforcement and emboldening criminal networks. The reign of <keyword id="20122630" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="lalu-prasad-yadav" source="keywords">Lalu Prasad Yadav</keyword>, president of the Rashtriya Janata Dal political party in Bihar, illustrates the adverse impact criminal politicians can have. Under his leadership, Bihar’s political environment devolved into what is now infamously known as "Jungle Raj," a period marked by rampant kidnappings for ransom, particularly targeting affluent individuals like doctors and schoolchildren. The researchers note that during this time, the kidnapping industry flourished as criminals enjoyed either direct or indirect support from the state. <h2><keyword id="22404298" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="impact-on-women" source="keywords">Impact on women</keyword> and <keyword id="19900794" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="economic-growth" source="keywords">economic growth</keyword></h2>Beyond the immediate rise in general crime rates, the study revealed alarming statistics regarding crimes against women. Electing criminally accused politicians was found to increase crimes against women by 12.6%. In states where such politicians held office, female labour force participation dropped by 10-11%, as women felt unsafe and chose not to engage in work outside their homes. The research also highlighted the economic toll criminal politicians take on their constituencies. Areas represented by politicians accused of serious crimes saw economic growth lag between 2.3% and 6.5% per year compared to other regions. These leaders often misappropriate public funds, divert resources for personal gain, and enable criminal enterprises, all of which stifle local development. <h2>Legal measures taken</h2>India has made strides in identifying and tracking criminally accused politicians. A landmark 2003 ruling by the <keyword id="19895345" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Supreme-Court" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="Supreme Court" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="Supreme Court">Supreme Court</keyword> mandated that candidates for political office must disclose their criminal records, making it easier for voters and institutions to scrutinise their backgrounds. However, the law only disqualifies convicted individuals from running for office, allowing accused politicians to continue their political careers while facing serious charges. <div type="Article" hostid="261" msid="113446721" title="It&amp;#39;s not just the rhetoric — apathy and jokes could be fueling a spiral of retaliatory political violence, expert warns" mstype="2" mssubtype="0"></div>The research conducted by Prakash and his team has caught the attention of Indian courts and the Election Commission. While reform is slow, there is growing recognition that the quality of political leadership has a profound impact on societal outcomes, from crime rates to economic performance. "The quality of politicians matters," Prakash notes. "Who you elect has implications on outcomes that we care about. It could be economic growth, it could be crime against women, it could be labour force participation. These are very important outcomes for society and the economy." The findings of this research have been published in Journal of Law Economics and Organization and can be accessed <a href="https://docs.iza.org/dp15259.pdf">here</a>.

Not only does electing “criminal” politicians often lead to an increase in crime in India, it can also be terrible for the economy: study

<ul><li>According to the United Nations, women constitute merely 14% of the total 280,000 scientists, engineers and technologists in research development institutions in India. </li><li>Despite the ground-breaking research and performance, women in the field of STEM are known to be paid less for their research work compared to men — not progressing as much in their careers. </li><li>In a bid to ‘recruit, retain and promote’ <keyword id="4244406" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="women-in-stem">women in STEM</keyword> areas, the ministry of science and technology said that it will now rank higher education institutions — on gender equality.</li></ul>As India is digitally transforming at a rapid pace, the demand for technologically competent employee base is growing. For that, the country could turn inward instead of outward to plug the gap. As many as<a href="https://www.science.org.au/supporting-science/international-representation/association-academies-and-societies-sciences-asia"> 40% of Indians who graduate</a> in science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) disciplines are women. Neither the graduates nor the country is gaining much from it though, it seems like. Women constitute merely 14% of the total 280,000 scientists, engineers and technologists in research development institutions in India, according to the <a href="https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/international-day-of-women-and-girls-in-science">United Nations</a>. This is despite their women-centric initiatives. 
	<div type="twitter" handle="NorbertElekes" handlename="Norbert Elekes" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1148447760464646144/WJbazf0m_normal.jpg" favoritecount="504" retweetcount="253" status="Employed researchers who are women: 🇦🇷ARG: 53% 🇳🇿NZL: 52% 🇲🇾MAL: 48% 🇮🇩IDN: 46% 🇿🇦RSA: 45% 🇪🇸ESP: 40% 🇷🇺RUS: 40%… https://t.co/4exN4DnGr0" createdat="1581479916000" id="1227441850895695873"></div>



 “While girls enrolling in science for higher studies in India has seen an increase, the number of women entering the workplace is not in the same proportion,” the UN said. This is a global problem. Women represent a minority in the world of science at a mere 30%; and only 35% of the STEM students are women. India however is a paradox where it has graduates but not researchers. “We need a dedicated strategy not only for increasing the representation of women in the talent pipeline for STEM jobs, but also for ensuring that they thrive, incentivizing them to remain in these high-paying jobs and institutionalizing organizational cultures that enable women to advance in these fields,” Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director of UN Women <a href="https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/2/statement-ed-phumzile-international-day-of-women-and-girls-in-science">said on the International Day of Women and Girls in Science</a> on February 11. Less published work, less pay One of the major reasons for the low participation is the gender pay gap. Despite the ground-breaking research and performance, women in the field of STEM are known to be paid less for their research work compared to men — not progressing as much in their careers thereby. “Girls are often made to believe they are not smart enough for STEM, or that boys and men have natural affinity for the field,” UN countered. It also said that the women in the field publish fewer research papers across the world. Here too, India is an exception. A recent study published in ‘<a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/science-technology/gender-balance-in-scientific-research-improving-in-india-study-63313">Journal of Informetrics</a>’ said that one in three research papers published in India, was written by a female author — in over 186 fields as per the scopus database. In fact, in subjects such as dentistry, psychology and humanities, women were almost at par with men with one female author for every two male authors. India’s push for women in science and research It is possible that women might be getting little recognition and lesser pay in spite of these achievements - encouraging fewer women to come into the field. Women constitute merely 15% of faculty positions in science. In the research programmes, women account for a third of the PhD awardees. Not just in STEM but India has a long way to go before they attain gender parity across fields and industries. According to the <a href="https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality">World Economic Forum Gender Gap Report</a>, it will take 257 years to eliminate the prevailing gender gap in the workforce, globally. India ranks 112th in the Global Gender Gap Index in 2020. Therefore, the universities are now striving to achieve something that has been taken for granted for long — <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/iits-and-nits-will-now-be-ranked-on-how-many-women-they-educate-and-employ/articleshow/73296855.cms">gender parity</a>. In January 2020, the ministry of science and technology said that it will now rank institutions — on gender equality, <a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/top-institutes-will-now-be-graded-on-gender-equality/articleshow/73283922.cms">according to </a>the Times of India report. And these ranks will be for those offering STEM courses. As many as 20 Indian institutions — including Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Science (NITs) — have joined hands to facilitate it. The government aims to rope in over 90 institutions as a part of the new grading system. “This will definitely give a much needed thrust to the inclusion of women in academia. However a key challenge will be to define the terms of how institutions will effectively measure gender equality. They should not merely execute gender equality on paper, rather it should ensure inclusion in education and employment,” Neeti Sharma, VP, TeamLease Services told Business Insider. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/iits-and-nits-will-now-be-ranked-on-how-many-women-they-educate-and-employ/articleshow/73296855.cms">IITs and NITs will now be ranked on how many women they educate and employ</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/tech-mahindra-wipro-and-dr-reddys-labs-on-bloomberg-gender-equality-index/articleshow/73515898.cms">Tech Mahindra, Wipro and Dr Reddy’s Labs — only 3 Indian companies made it to Bloomberg Gender Equality Index</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/indias-it-sector-has-nearly-three-times-more-males-in-the-workforce-than-females-report/articleshow/69858324.cms">India’s IT sector has nearly three times more males than females: Report</a>

India tops the world in producing female graduates in STEM but ranks 19th in employing them

Indian women’s participation in the labour force fell by 10 percent in the past 15 years

Gender discrimination is the reason for 98 per cent of employment gap between males and females in <keyword id="3658" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="india" source="Orion">India</keyword>, according to a new report of <keyword id="69945" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="oxfam-india" source="Orion">Oxfam India</keyword>. The report highlighted that woman in India despite their same educational qualification and work experience as men will be discriminated in the labour market due to societal and employers' prejudices. The Oxfam India's 'India Discrimination Report 2022' shows that discrimination causes 100 per cent of employment inequality faced by women in rural areas in labour market and 98 per cent in urban areas. The report said self-employed males earn 2.5 times more than females, 83 per cent of which is attributed to gender-based discrimination and 95 per cent of the gap between the earnings of male and female casual wage workers is due to discrimination. According to the report, gender discrimination is the reason for 98 per cent of the employment gap between males and females. Woman in India despite their same educational qualification and work experience as men will be discriminated in the labour market due to societal and employers' prejudices, it said. The report further said that 93 per cent of the gap in earnings of males and females is due to discrimination. Rural self-employed males earn twice of what females earn in rural areas. Male casual workers earn Rs 3,000 per month more than females, 96 per cent of which is attributed to discrimination, it said. As high as 91.1 per cent of the gap in earnings between males and females is explained by discrimination. The academically recognised statistical model applied in the report is now able to quantify the discrimination women face in the labour market. The lower wages for salaried women are due to 67 per cent of discrimination and 33 per cent due to lack of education and work experience, the report said. Oxfam India called on the government to actively enforce effective measures for the protection and right to equal wages and work for all women. The Government of India should also incentivise the participation of women in workforce, including enhancement in pay, upskilling, job reservations and easy return-to-work options after maternity, the report said. What the report finds is if a man and woman starts on an equal footing, the woman will be discriminated in the economic sphere where she will lag behind in regular/salaried, casual and self-employment, said <keyword id="1594237" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="amitabh-behar" source="Orion">Amitabh Behar</keyword>, CEO of Oxfam India. "The inequality in the labour market for gender and other social categories, the report finds, is not just due to poor access to education or work experience but because of discrimination," he said. These findings are based on the government data on employment and labour from 2004-05 to 2019-20. The Oxfam India report refers to unit level data from 61st round <keyword id="179132" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="national-sample-survey" source="Orion">National Sample Survey</keyword> (NSS) data on employment-unemployment (2004-05), the <keyword id="3429286" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="periodic-labour-force-survey" source="Orion">Periodic Labour Force Survey</keyword> in 2018-19 and 2019-20 and All India Debt and Investment Survey by the government. SEE ALSO : <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/online-education-platform-upgrad-acquires-centum-learning-to-upskill-enterprise-workforce/articleshow/94216993.cms">Online education platform upGrad acquires Centum Learning to upskill enterprise workforce</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/fitch-slashes-indias-fy23-gdp-growth-forecast-to-7-from-7-8-earlier/articleshow/94213633.cms?utm_source=google_newsstand&amp;utm_medium=google_rssfeed&amp;utm_campaign=news_referral">Fitch slashes India's FY23 GDP growth forecast to 7% from 7.8% earlier</a>

Self-employed males earn 2.5 times more than females: Oxfam

Gone are the days when the aspirations of Indian women were confined to the boundaries of their homes. Today, these empowered women are breaking free from societal norms and embracing the world of entrepreneurship with open arms. This journey towards gender parity and economic independence, has been a gradual one but filled with inspiring stories. In the vibrant tapestry of India’s economic growth, women-led businesses have emerged as a dynamic force that is driving progress. Their contribution to the entrepreneurial ecosystem is not just a matter of statistics, but a testament to the resilience and determination of these women. And while it's true that they have been instrumental in building the strength of our economy, one must understand that this road to success has not been without its set of trials. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Women entrepreneurship in India: The evolving landscape" comment="subhead" text="Women entrepreneurship in India: The evolving landscape">Women entrepreneurship in India: The evolving landscape</cmsannotation> Despite the rising interest in entrepreneurship among women, various challenges hinder their entry into this space. Factors such as family restrictions, limited time flexibility, lack of professional connections and inadequate access to reliable advisors ensure that the number of women actively engaged in entrepreneurship is smaller than its potential, leaving resources untapped. Amidst these obstacles that <keyword id="74945" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="women-entrepreneurs" source="Orion">women entrepreneurs</keyword> face, <keyword id="6354742" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="flipkart" source="Orion">Flipkart</keyword> has emerged as a beacon of hope and transformation – a homegrown marketplace platform that has revolutionised women entrepreneurship. By defying conventional norms, Flipkart has shattered the myth that women cannot effectively manage both their professional and personal responsibilities. This paradigm shift has not only paved the way for dismantling societal biases but has also provided a powerful platform for women to realise their dreams. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Redefining possibilities: Women entrepreneurs thrive with Flipkart" comment="subhead" text="Redefining possibilities: Women entrepreneurs thrive with Flipkart">Redefining possibilities: Women entrepreneurs thrive with Flipkart</cmsannotation> Flipkart is serving as a catalyst for women in India to challenge traditional societal norms and boost the economy through better labour participation and expansion across sectors. Take for instance <a href="https://stories.flipkart.com/sellfmade-flipkart-seller-momtrepreneur/">Yogita Jain's</a> journey. As a buyer on Flipkart who loved her shopping experience, she was always curious about how the journey as a seller on the platform would be. And she transitioned from being a buyer to becoming a successful seller on the platform with her brand, AADISALES. Born out of curiosity, it now stands testament to her entrepreneurial spirit. In just three months, Yogita transformed into a flourishing ‘mompreneur’, overseeing a team of six skilled professionals who handle essential business functions like accounting, packing, and loading. She says, "The support I received through Flipkart was truly remarkable." Flipkart’s positive impact also extends to promoting sustainability by empowering businesses with a focus on creating a cleaner future. One such business is <a href="https://stories.flipkart.com/stonesoup-flipkart-samarth-partner-sustainability/">Smita Kulkarni’s</a> StoneSoup. After spending ten years in the IT industry, the computer science engineer wanted to tackle the problems of waste segregation and garbage reduction. And she found her calling in promoting sustainability through her venture that offers eco-friendly solutions to millions of customers across India. Leveraging Flipkart’s access to over 450 million customers, her business is able to sell their products, including compost kits, menstrual cups, and cloth sanitary pads, all across the country. Moreover, her commitment to social empowerment led her to employ women from self-help groups and those with disabilities, providing them with means to achieve financial independence. Through Flipkart’s platform, this Bengaluru-based business has helped uplift the lives of over 100 women. Another area where Flipkart has made a significant difference is in addressing financial and marketing related challenges for women entrepreneurs. The platform facilitates easy access to loans — a major obstacle for many women in starting their businesses. For <a href="https://stories.flipkart.com/flipkart-seller-small-business-charu-gupta/">Charu Gupta</a>, this became a life-changing factor. Faced with sudden financial difficulties at home, Charu needed additional income. From kick starting her business, Saikara Collections, with only ₹5,000 to generating a revenue of ₹5 crore through her association with Flipkart, her journey is one of courage and determination. “There were many e-commerce platforms,” Charu recollects, “but Flipkart’s onboarding process was the easiest.” Securing term loans through the support of Flipkart’s Account Managers during the pandemic, she kept her business afloat. Overcoming financial hurdles and building her business through challenges with a team that comprises 50% women staff, Charu’s story epitomises the spirit of a modern Indian woman – resilient, determined and unyielding. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Driving positive change" comment="subhead" text="Driving positive change">Driving positive change</cmsannotation> The ripple effect of Flipkart’s initiatives extend beyond individual success stories. By empowering women entrepreneurs, Flipkart is playing a pivotal role in fostering financial independence, diminishing gender barriers and boosting labour force participation. This wave of change, facilitated by such e-commerce platforms is a growing example of the potential of women entrepreneurship and the impact it can have on the society and our economy by extension. As women continue to challenge traditional norms and embrace entrepreneurship, they are propelling the nation towards progress, equity and inclusivity. These stories of change are not just about breaking the glass ceiling but leaving behind a trail of inspiration for the next generation. Flipkart’s commitment to empowering women entrepreneurs has not just transformed individual lives but is reshaping the society, one story at a time. Disclaimer: This article is generated and published by the Insider Studios team. You can get in touch with them on <a href="mailto:insiderstudios@businessinsider.in">insiderstudios@businessinsider.in</a>

Inspiring Stories of Women Entrepreneurs on Flipkart's Platform

<ul><li>The number of salaried <keyword id="32919" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="women-employees">women employees</keyword> in the urban workforce has increased by 2.1%, compared to 1.5% amongst men, according to the <keyword id="3429286" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Periodic-Labour-Force-Survey">Periodic Labour Force Survey</keyword> (PLFS) released by the National Statistical Organisation (NSO). </li><li>The overall share of salaried employees improved from 48.3% in 2018 to 50% in March 2019. </li><li>The unemployment rate dropped to 11.6% among women against 12.8% in June last year. </li><li>According to the Monster Salary Index, women earn 19% less than men in India. </li></ul>Fewer Indian women are a part of its labour market. But their participation seems to be growing at a faster rate than that of men. Salaried women employees in the urban workforce increased by 2.1% as compared to 1.5% among men, according to the <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/rise-in-salaried-workers-women-fare-better-nso/articleshow/72217767.cms?from=mdr">Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) </a>released by the National Statistical Organisation (NSO). The overall share of salaried employees improved from 48.3% in 2018 to 50% in March 2019. However, the survey also says that unemployment is higher among women. The rate of unemployment in women dropped to 11.6% as against 12.8% in June last year. But it is yet to match that of men where unemployment rate is at 8.7%. <keyword id="2191211" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="gender-pay-gap">Gender pay gap</keyword> remains However, the pay gap remains an area of concern for the government and organisations. According to the<a href="https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/gender-pay-gap-still-high-women-in-india-earn-19-per-cent-less-than-men-report/story/325378.html"> Monster Salary Index,</a> women earn 19% less than men in India. The online job search platform shows that the gender pay gap widens with higher skill level but exist all across. This could be one of the many reasons why women participation in the workforce is low. Even after five years, merely 22% of the females between the age bracket of 15-30 years are expected to enter the labour force, according to the <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/skills-study-over-next-5-years-just-1-in-5-entrants-to-labour-force-a-woman-6127848/">National Skills Development Corporation</a>. That means, of the 59 million people who enter the job market, only one in five will be women. Education Statistics Though fewer women are expected to work, there has been no change in women who are keen on an education. Female participation at the higher secondary level stood at 70.8% over the last decade. But this is changing as the skill levels increase. The share of women in engineering and management courses dropped in 2018, the survey highlighted. While the students enrolling in vocational courses rose by 3.9% in the last four years. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/unemployment-in-india-highest-among-urban-youth-says-government-data/articleshow/69631185.cms">Unemployment in India highest among urban youth, says government data</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/male-workforce-is-reportedly-shrinking-in-india-reveals-job-survey-by-nsso/articleshow/68498030.cms">Male workforce is reportedly shrinking in India, reveals job survey by NSSO</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/over-200-economists-academicians-ask-govt-to-release-nsso-data-reports/articleshow/72172989.cms">Over 200 economists, academicians ask govt to release NSSO data, reports</a>

More women are drawing salaries in India but the gender pay gap persists

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A new study found that 7.8% of jobs held by women, and 2.9% held by men, could be automated.</li><li>Technology that eliminates their jobs could be detrimental to the economy.</li></ul>Women are working at <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/women-are-working-at-record-highs-2023-8">near-record levels</a>, and their spending is helping to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/taylor-swift-tickets-funflation-hurting-best-buy-sales-ceo-2023-10">prop up the US economy</a>, but their economic power could be threatened by the future of artificial intelligence.An August study by the International Labour Organization found that in high-income countries, 7.8% of jobs held by women have the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ai-unlikely-destroy-jobs-admin-workers-greatest-risk-chatgpt-2023-8">potential to be automated</a> — compared to just 2.9% of men's jobs. A Pew Research <a target="_blank" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/07/26/which-u-s-workers-are-more-exposed-to-ai-on-their-jobs/">analysis</a> from July estimated that 21% of US women were employed in jobs that are the most exposed to AI — meaning there's a higher likelihood that women's work tasks could be replaced or aided by AI. Seventeen percent of men were employed in highly exposed professions, per Pew. Other <a target="_blank" href="https://kenaninstitute.unc.edu/kenan-insight/will-generative-ai-disproportionately-affect-the-jobs-of-women/">studies</a> have found a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/generative-ai-and-the-future-of-work-in-america">similar</a> gender disparity.From an economic perspective, more women working means more <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/female-entrepreneurship-women-quitting-jobs-great-resignation-2022-5">entrepreneurship</a>, fewer <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/baby-boomer-retirement-surge-spark-forever-labor-shortage-jobs-workers-2023-5">labor shortages</a>, and more <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/taylor-swift-tickets-funflation-hurting-best-buy-sales-ceo-2023-10">disposable income</a> to spread around businesses. In the years ahead, when a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/us-population-decline-worker-shortage-labor-birth-rates-immigration-economy-2023-5">declining US population</a> could pose a serious threat to the economy, barriers that prevent women from entering the workforce and technology that eliminates their jobs could be all the more detrimental.<h2>Retraining workers could help mitigate the impacts of AI job replacement</h2>To be sure, the AI future has yet to be written. While some workers could face more competition, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jobs-at-risk-replaced-ai-chatgpt-oxford-economist-2023-2">earn lower wages</a>, or even see AI replace their jobs, these technologies could help other workers become <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ai-boosts-productivity-happier-at-work-chatgpt-research-2023-4">more productive</a>, find employment in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jobs-ai-chatgpt-us-hiring-tech-remote-location-2023-7">new industries</a>, and even have a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ai-boom-share-profits-workers-productivity-wages-2023-5">four-day workweek</a>.If AI does replace some women's jobs, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jobs-at-risk-from-ai-replace-change-chatgpt-automation-study-2023-7">retraining them for high-demand roles</a> can hopefully help many of them find work, Michael Chui, a partner at the McKinsey Global Institute, previously told Insider."There was a time when a vast majority of the workers in the United States were involved in agriculture," he said. "And then years later, far more people were working in factories for instance. But we didn't end up with 50% unemployment. We have historically been able to do this."<h2>Childcare costs and return-to-office movements are already pushing some women out of the workforce</h2>The threat of AI is just the latest obstacle women are facing in the labor force.In the US, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/childcare-daycare-cost-new-york-city-crisis-housing-2023-9">sky-high childcare costs</a> have forced some women to quit their jobs and look after their kids. Additionally, the September expiration of billions of dollars in federal childcare funds could lead childcare providers to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/providers-struggle-to-keep-funding-rising-childcare-costs-2023-9">raise prices even further</a>, compounding the affordability problem."There'll be a cap on how much we can improve female labor-force participation and how many women who want to work will be able to do," Julia Pollak, the chief economist of ZipRecruiter, previously told <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/providers-struggle-to-keep-funding-rising-childcare-costs-2023-9">Insider</a>.In recent years, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/work-from-home-women-careers-jobs-pandemic-flexibility-gender-equality-2023-7">remote work</a> has made it easier for many women to balance work and childcare responsibilities, Aaron Terrazas, Glassdoor's chief economist, previously told <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/women-are-working-at-record-highs-2023-8">Insider</a>."By our estimates, the expansion of remote work allowed about one million women in their 30s and 40s to remain in the workforce at an age when prior generations may have stopped working for family and child-care responsibilities," he said.But as more US companies call workers <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/companies-making-workers-employees-return-to-office-rto-wfh-hybrid-2023-1">back to the office</a>, some of this progress could be reversed.However, even if AI does pose an additional threat in the years ahead, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/people-are-bored-with-chatgpt-generative-ai-bosses-are-not-2023-9">it won't change things overnight</a>, giving some women time to prepare.

The AI boom is the newest threat to women's presence in the workforce

<ul><li>From boardroom participation to inclusive policies, India Inc is stepping up its efforts to recognise women at the workplace. </li><li>The Indian law mandates maternity benefits to <keyword id="6482204" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="FEMALE-EMPLOYEES">female employees</keyword> at the time of childbirth, under the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961. </li><li>However, there are a few companies, including tech giants like <keyword id="6370971" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="accenture">Accenture</keyword>, Tata Consultancy Services (<keyword id="6357150" type="DOMAIN" weightage="20" keywordseo="tcs">TCS</keyword>) and <keyword id="6358384" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="SAP">SAP</keyword> — that have gone beyond the basics. </li><li>Here are the five companies that extend adoption and paternity leave.</li></ul>From boardroom participation to inclusive policies, India Inc is stepping up its efforts to recognise women at the workplace. The Indian law mandates maternity benefits to women employees at the time of childbirth, under the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961. The maternity act is applicable to all companies employing over 10 people. Yet too many women continue to drop out of the workforce mid-career due to childcare and family responsibilities. “Organizations across sectors have taken conscious steps to create an enabling environment for women as well creating the right infrastructure at the workplace to support the growth of women. The gender parity has improved significantly, with 28% organizations not differentiating between male and female apprentices. There is still a long path to walk, but the ecosystem is definitely getting more conducive and encouraging,” told Sumit Kumar, Vice President at <keyword id="8169255" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="NETAP">NETAP</keyword>, TeamLease. However, there are a few companies, including tech giants like Accenture, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) and SAP — that have gone beyond the basics.

Accenture, TCS and other top tech giants that extend adoption leaves to its female employees

<ul><li><keyword id="3080230" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="gig-economy">Gig economy</keyword>, which constitutes for over 1.4 million working professionals in India, has added 40,000 more women gig workers, according to an ET report. </li><li>According to Employment Outlook Report by TeamLease Services, the total number of women gig workers in India stands at 67,900. </li><li>The wage bracket of such employees ranges from ₹15,000 to ₹30,000.</li></ul>More women are finding work, thanks to the increasing gig economy but they are being paid less, widening the gender parity. India’s 1.4 million strong gig economy added 40,000 women this year, according to an <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jobs/women-bag-frontline-roles-in-gig-economy-but-lag-behind-in-wages/articleshow/70442660.cms?from=mdr">ET report.</a> But, they are making 10% less than men. On an average, women make an average of ₹15,000 to ₹30,000 per month in the newly emerging gig economy. According to Employment Outlook Report by TeamLease Services, the total number of women gig workers in India stands at 67,900 — including employees at delivery hubs and fulfillment centres. In 2017, the percentage of women in salaried jobs stood at nearly 52%, as per the data by <a href="http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Annual%20Report%2C%20PLFS%202017-18_31052019.pdf"> Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2017-18</a>. Startup Hiring Food-tech and <keyword id="35621" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="e-commerce">e-commerce</keyword> players such as Uber, Ola, <keyword id="830092" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Zomato">Zomato</keyword> and Swiggy, account for nearly 90% of the total gig workers in India. It includes workforce that is remotely managed by online platforms. Walmart owned e-commerce platform Flipkart has around 300 women working at sorting centres, packaging and in charge of hubs. Flipkart offers the best wages and provides for safety and health at workplace for gig workers in India, as per <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/in-india-flipkart-tops-the-fairness-quotient-for-gig-economy-workers-report/articleshow/68593359.cms">Oxford Internet Institute</a>. It is followed by food delivery platform Foodpanda, cab services platform Ola and Uber. Food aggregators like Swiggy and Zomato too have female delivery partners, thanks to flexible working hours. Swiggy has over 700 women employees at its delivery hubs while Zomato has 500 all across. E-commerce platform Amazon has nearly 1,200 women employees in operational and managerial roles. India is the fifth largest country in terms of growth in flexi staff — which includes leased employees, contractual workers and temps hired from agencies. The country added nearly 1.2 million flexi workers in the last three years. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/in-india-flipkart-tops-the-fairness-quotient-for-gig-economy-workers-report/articleshow/68593359.cms">In India, Flipkart tops the ‘fairness’ quotient for gig economy workers: Report</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/6-million-indians-will-be-in-the-gig-economy-within-two-years-thats-nearly-twice-the-current-size/articleshow/69854133.cms">6 million Indians will be in the gig economy within two years -- that's nearly twice the current size</a>

Gig economy added 40,000 new women workers, but at low wages

In its latest report, the Geneva-based <keyword id="240184" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="international-labour-organization" source="Orion">International Labour Organization</keyword> (<keyword id="6456249" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="ilo" source="Orion">ILO</keyword>) said that 50 million people were living in <keyword id="1978296" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="modern-slavery" source="Orion">modern slavery</keyword> in 2021. According to the latest report by the UN agency titled, 'Global Estimates of Modern Slavery', 28 million of these people were in forced labour and 22 million were trapped in forced marriage. The number of people in modern slavery has risen significantly in the last five years -- 10 million more people were in modern slavery in 2021 compared to 2016 global estimates. Women and children remain disproportionately vulnerable, says the report. Modern slavery occurs in almost every country in the world, and cuts across ethnic, cultural and religious lines. More than half (52 per cent) of all forced labour and a quarter of all forced marriages can be found in upper-middle income or high-income countries. Regarding forced labour, most cases (86 per cent) are found in the private sector. According to the report, forced labour in sectors other than commercial sexual exploitation accounts for 63 per cent of all forced labour, while forced commercial sexual exploitation represents 23 per cent of all forced labour. Almost four out of five of those in forced commercial sexual exploitation are women or girls. State-imposed forced labour accounts for 14 per cent of people in forced labour. Almost one in eight of all those in forced labour are children (3.3 million). More than half of these are in commercial sexual exploitation. The report says that an estimated 22 million people were living in forced marriage on any given day in 2021 -- an increase of 6.6 million since the 2016 global estimates. "It is shocking that the situation of modern slavery is not improving. Nothing can justify the persistence of this fundamental abuse of human rights," said ILO Director-General, <keyword id="1074528" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="guy-ryder" source="Orion">Guy Ryder</keyword>. <keyword id="6669543" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="antonio-vitorino" source="Orion">Antonio Vitorino</keyword>, IOM Director-General, said: "This report underscores the urgency of ensuring that all migration is safe, orderly, and regular. Reducing the vulnerability of migrants to forced labour and trafficking in persons depends first and foremost on national policy and legal frameworks that respect, protect, and fulfil the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, and potential migrants, at all stages of the migration process, regardless of their migration status." SEE ALSO : <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/retail-inflation-is-high-due-to-food-prices-and-an-adverse-base-effect-says-fin-min/articleshow/94167561.cms">Retail inflation is high due to food prices and an adverse base effect says Fin Min</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/a-fire-at-an-ev-showroom-has-killed-8-several-injured-while-trying-to-escape/articleshow/94167880.cms">A fire at an EV showroom has killed 8, several injured while trying to escape</a>

50 million people worldwide in modern slavery: ILO

<ul><li>India is the second largest market of freelance professionals in the world, after the United States. That accounts for nearly 15 million professionals in the country. </li><li>Despite the growth, women refrain from pursuing gig work. </li><li>That is majorly because of the gender disparity in terms of pay, flexibility and employment status. </li><li>There are at least two surveys that explain the lag in the labour reforms for women. </li></ul>India is the second largest market of freelance professionals in the world, after the United States. That accounts for nearly 15 million professionals in the country. In fact, as India Inc moves to evaluating an ‘alternative workforce model’ with <keyword id="7771650" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="gig-workers">gig workers</keyword> and freelancers, the demand is only going to rise. But despite the growth, women refrain from pursuing gig work. That is majorly because of the gender disparity in terms of pay, flexibility and employment status — that prevails in the <keyword id="3080230" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="gig-economy">gig economy</keyword> as well. This also reflects in the <keyword id="4476046" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="female-labour">Female Labour</keyword> Force Participation Rate (FLPR) in India, which has been falling for two decades now. There are at least two surveys that explain the lag in the labour reforms for women. In 2018, a survey said that a third of women were disinterested in joining the gig economy due to the lack of job security and uncertainty on employment status. Pay parity still a concern In addition to this, they are being paid less, widening the gender parity. A research by <a href="https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ORF_IssueBrief_359_GenderGig.pdf">Observer Research Foundation (ORF)</a> reiterates the data from TeamLease in India that said the gig economy added 40,000 women in 2019. But, they are making 10% less than men, especially the delivery executives. The same year, the <keyword id="119211" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Ministry-of-labour">Ministry of Labour</keyword> and Employment proposed the Code on Social Security Bill, to offer social security benefits to gig workers. On those lines, Finance Minister <keyword id="129243" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nirmala-Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</keyword> on May 14, said that social security schemes will now be extended to even gig and platform workers, the proposal is awaiting approval of the Parliament and the Standing Committees. It is important because food-tech and e-commerce players such as Uber, Ola, Zomato and Swiggy, account for nearly 90% of the total gig workers in India. On an average, women make an average of ₹15,000 to ₹30,000 per month in the emerging gig economy. “This could be attributed to their income being of the ‘distressed’ category. Consequently, as soon as conditions improve, women leave the workforce — this phenomenon is widely visible in India’s informal economy as well,” said the ORF report. Limited access to digital technologies That aside, the lag in the access to digital technologies is yet another hurdle to women’s participation in gig work. Despite the country’s push for digitisation, merely 16% women in India use mobile internet, as per the findings of the GSMA Mobile Gender Gap Report 2019. To overcome that, many companies offer their own devices to facilitate work. “The gig economy is here to stay and offers many ways for women to start and improve their careers. However, the problem in India is twofold: an inability to facilitate women’s movement into the workforce, and the perpetuation of structural and operational barriers promoting gendered division of gig work,” said the report. Future scope As per Deloitte data, nearly 80% of the organisations have less than 10% of their employees as gig workers, accounting majorly to <keyword id="2245174" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Contractual-staff">contractual staff</keyword>. India’s gig economy is projected at a market size of $455 billion over the next three years — which might increase even further with the new-found interest. “A large majority of this is expected to be contributed by the unorganised sector of the economy, as India Inc's adoption of gig workers remains nascent at best,” the Deloitte report said. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/more-employees-at-capgemini-infosys-and-wipro-are-being-brought-back-to-offices-while-tcs-is-still-in-wait-and-watch-mode/articleshow/75691940.cms">More employees at Capgemini, Infosys, and Wipro are being brought back to offices while TCS is still in wait and watch mode</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/from-minimum-wages-for-all-to-social-security-for-gig-workers-these-are-the-broad-outlines-of-upcoming-labour-reforms-in-india/articleshow/75733790.cms">From minimum wages for all to social security for gig workers ⁠— these are the broad outlines of upcoming ‘labour reforms’ in India</a>

Indian women don’t like being gig workers ⁠— the potentially $455 billion industry has to woo them with fair pay to start with

<ul><li>Nearly 93% of the population in India did not receive any vocational or <keyword id="639521" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="technical-training">technical training</keyword>, according to <keyword id="3429286" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Periodic-Labour-Force-Survey">Periodic Labour Force Survey</keyword> (PLFS) 2017-18. </li><li>In contrast, as many as 1.5 million(21%) people have gained skills and jobs under the country’s <keyword id="2473582" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Skill-India-mission">Skill India mission</keyword>. </li><li>Globally, nearly 73 million young people are unemployed, according to the <keyword id="6355833" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="united-nations">United Nations</keyword>. </li><li>In the last budget speech, the government had announced industry relevant skill training for 10 million youth in India.</li></ul>Despite Indian government’s Skill India initiative, a large chunk of its population — nearly 93% — never received any vocational or technical training. According to the Periodic <keyword id="1830313" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Labour-Force-Survey">Labour Force Survey</keyword> (PLFS) 2017-18, merely 1.8% of the population received formal training on technical aspects and employment-ready skills, Mint <a href="https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/a-third-of-skilled-youth-in-india-jobless-official-survey-1565161972818.html">reported</a>. While roughly 6% received informal training on job skills, self-learning, etc. Pass percentage As per the recent developments, as many as 1.5 million people have gained skills and jobs under the country’s Skill India mission. However, it is only 21% of the total trainees — 7.2 million — who enrolled for the programme. Adding to the trouble, nearly half of the youth that is trained is not employed, as per the PLFS data. Approximately three in every five skilled women were recorded as unemployed. This clearly indicates an alarming rate of unemployment in India. Globally, nearly <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1042421">73 million</a> young people are unemployed, with 40 million joining the labour market each year. And, that calls for the need to create 475 million new jobs over the next decade, according to the United Nations. <div type="twitter" handle="UN" handlename="United Nations" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/950749155575541760/MZoiVs3G_normal.jpg" favoritecount="621" retweetcount="354" status="Young people are almost 3 times more likely to be unemployed than adults. On Monday's World Youth Skills Day, learn… https://t.co/vxtwr9yW7V" createdat="1563141720000" id="1150525880369762304"></div>

 In a bid to boost employment in the country, the government announced industry relevant skill training for <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/skill-india-mission-employment-rate-is-too-low/articleshow/70459576.cms">10 million youth</a> during the budget speech. The focus will be on building skills in technologies like — Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Virtual Reality, 3D printing and Robotics — to promote higher remuneration. See also: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/skill-india-mission-employment-rate-is-too-low/articleshow/70459576.cms">Only one in five people trained under government's Skill India Mission found jobs</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/goa-will-reserve-4-in-every-5-private-jobs-for-locals-making-it-the-third-indian-state-to-crackdown-on-migration/articleshow/70476187.cms">Goa will reserve 4 in every 5 private jobs for locals-- making it the third Indian state to crackdown on migration</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/urbanclap-partners-with-national-skill-development-corporation/articleshow/70229453.cms">Urbanclap to become Skill India certified, will create a million micro-entrepreneurs in the country</a>

Nearly 93% of the population in India lacks vocational and technical skills: Report

<ul class="summary-list"><li>January's <keyword id="134929" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="jobs-report">jobs report</keyword> shows that women continue to be disproportionately impacted by <keyword id="6358907" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="unemployment">unemployment</keyword>.</li><li>Black and Latina women both have a higher unemployment rate than the average.</li><li>Women have lost 5.3 million <keyword id="11018" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Jobs">jobs</keyword> since the start of the pandemic.</li></ul>A new analysis from the National Women's Law Center (NWLC) found that 275,000 more women left the workforce in January, meaning they are no longer working or looking for work.The analysis comes from January's jobs report, released on Friday. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/january-jobs-report-49000-payrolls-added-unemployment-rate-coronavirus-nfp-2021-2">As Insider's Ben Winck reported</a>, nonfarm payrolls added 49,000 jobs in January - a small improvement - but the gains fell short of economists' estimations. Throughout the pandemic, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/women-are-still-disproportionately-hurt-by-the-pandemic-recession-2021-1">women have been disproportionately impacted by unemployment</a>. Some may have left the labor force as <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/pandemic-child-care-closures-could-be-terrible-for-womens-careers-2020-5">childcare options disappeared</a>; others worked in jobs that will never return. The January numbers show that dire employment trends for women continue.Women are down more than 5.3 million jobs since the start of the pandemic, and 43.6% of the jobs lost by women between February and April haven't returned.Although the female unemployment rate of 6.0% in January was slightly lower than the overall unemployment rate of 6.3%, NWLC's director of research, Jasmine Tucker, said that women who have dropped out of the labor force are artificially bringing the unemployment rates down. In January 2021, 2.3 million fewer women were in the labor force than in February 2020. Unemployment rates also don't count women working involuntarily part-time.<h2>Black women had higher unemployment in January</h2>The NWLC found that 8.5% of Black women age 20 and over were unemployed in January, an increase from 8.4% in December and a jump from the 4.9% Black female unemployment rate in February 2020. Latina workers also continued to have a higher unemployment rate, with 8.8% of those age 20 and over unemployed in January. That's an improvement from December's rate of 9.9%, but still a significant increase from February 2020's 4.9%."Let's say we all got vaccinated right now. We all had childcare. Everything was no problem. We all wanted to go back to work," Tucker said. "There's over 1 million, 1.2 million women of color who are going to come back and the unemployment rate is going to be a lot higher when they return."The unemployment rate for white men age 20 and over was 5.5%, a drop from December's 5.8%. <h2>Women have continually been disproportionately impacted by the pandemic</h2><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/women-are-still-disproportionately-hurt-by-the-pandemic-recession-2021-1">As Insider previously reported</a>, working women have continually felt the effects of pandemic unemployment harder. They're more likely to work in service-providing industries, including leisure and hospitality, which again saw declines in January.Tucker said that women and women of color are disproportionately likely to work low-paid jobs. Even when they don't, "there's a wage gap in 98% of occupations." <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/gender-wage-pay-gap-charts-2017-3#overall-black-and-hispanic-women-face-the-biggest-pay-gap-when-compared-to-white-men-3">Black and Latina women already experienced the largest wage gaps</a>."This is a real crisis for these women who don't have any savings, because the wage gap has robbed them of any chance to be able to weather this storm," Tucker said. Women falling out of the workforce isn't just an American phenomenon: A report from the <a href="https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_766949/lang--en/index.htm">International Labour Organization</a> found that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/workers-lost-37-trillion-in-earnings-during-the-pandemic-2021-1">women and younger workers saw the greatest employment losses</a>. The ILO report also found that women were more likely to become "inactive" in the labor market.Some steps for recovery, according to Tucker, include increased unemployment insurance, increasing the minimum wage, strengthening unions, and providing fiscal relief to states."There's jobs that are permanently gone that are never coming back," Tucker said. "There's childcare options that have closed down and are not going to reopen because they don't have the funds."

You Searched For "women labour force particpation" and got 13 results

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