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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Humans have been studying <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-2024-total-solar-eclipse-cool-best-special-nasa-2024-1">total solar eclipses</a> for millennia to better understand the cosmos.</li><li>Total eclipses have helped prove Einstein's theory of relativity and led to the discovery of helium.</li></ul><p>On April 8, millions of people across the US will all do the same thing: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/reasons-to-see-total-eclipse-convince-boss-miss-work-2024-4">look up</a>.</p><p>In the middle of the afternoon, day will shift to night, as a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-map-nasa-where-when-see-path-of-totality-2024-3">total solar eclipse</a> touches 15 states.</p><p>We know now what causes a total <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/devil-comet-visible-during-total-solar-eclipse-how-see-2024-4">solar eclipse</a>. But our ancient ancestors from millennia ago weren't so certain, and that was bad news for some scientists.</p><p>In the 21st century BCE, China's emporer <a target="_blank" href="https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/eclipse-history">reportedly</a> had two astronomers beheaded for not <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/total-eclipse-solar-power-generation-states-outside-path-totality-2024-3">predicting a total eclipse</a>.</p><p>Over the centuries, total eclipses became less dire and more of an opportunity to test scientific theories and forge <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/helio-year-sun-solar-system-probe-eclipse-events-2024-1">new discoveries</a>.</p><p>Here are seven times a total solar eclipse has helped advance human science.</p><h2>1. Measuring Earth's rotation</h2><div type="image" title="Aerial view of planet Earth covered in clouds." height="1411" width="2124" msid="109088911" hostid="261" sizebytes="77030"></div><p>Some of the earliest suspected records of eclipses <a target="_blank" href="https://science.nasa.gov/eclipses/history/">date back</a> thousands of years.</p><p>Some experts have suggested<strong> </strong>petroglyphs or rock carvings found on a monument in Ireland reference an eclipse that took place on November 30 in the year 3,340 BCE. Others have <a target="_blank" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/18/this-5000-year-old-stone-carving-may-be-the-worlds-first-drawing-of-an-eclipse/">expressed</a> skepticism.</p><p>Human-made markings on tortoise shells from China and a Babylonian tablet from over 3,000 years ago may also contain ancient references to eclipses.</p><p>Though these records are open to interpretation, scholars have <a target="_blank" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/rotation.html">studied</a> historical descriptions of eclipses for centuries. It's how 18th-century astronomer Edmond Halley first realized the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-if-earth-stopped-spinning">Earth's rotation</a> has slowed over millennia.</p><h2>2. Discovering what causes eclipses</h2><div type="image" title="Engraving of  Pericles stands next to Anaxagoras, who is sitting on steps next to columns in Ancient Greece" height="1500" width="2263" msid="109088912" hostid="261" sizebytes="1159624"></div><p>Two modern scholars <a target="_blank" href="https://daily.jstor.org/anaxagoras-and-the-eclipse-the-first-to-get-it-right/">give</a> Greek philosopher Anaxagoras of Clazomenae credit for figuring out the moon's role in eclipses, calling him "perhaps the first empirical astronomer."</p><p>He likely developed his theories after witnessing an annular, or "<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/october-solar-eclipse-annular-ring-of-fire-where-how-watch-2023-10">ring of fire</a>," eclipse on February 17, 478 BCE. While he got some of the science right, his overall understanding of the solar system was a product of its time.</p><p>Anaxagoras, for example, thought that air pressure kept the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-living-on-flat-earth-would-look-like-2017-11">flat Earth</a> aloft at the center of the rotating sun, moon, and stars. Despite that error, he worked out the basic mechanics behind eclipses.</p><p>Anaxagoras correctly believed the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-watch-da-vinci-glow-ghostly-shine-moon-phenomenon-2023-5">moon reflected</a> the sun's light. He was also accurate in his theories that when the moon moved in front of the sun, it caused a solar eclipse. Similarly, when the Earth was in between the sun and moon, there would be a lunar eclipse.</p><p>He also used the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-lunar-eclipses-work-earth-moon-red-shadow-2018-7">moon's shadow</a><strong> </strong>during an eclipse<strong> </strong>to estimate its size, but his calculations gave him a much smaller answer than reality.</p><h2>3. Estimating the moon's distance from Earth</h2><div type="image" title="A person is seated looking through a telescope with astrological instruments nearby in Ancient Greece" height="1500" width="2172" msid="109088915" hostid="261" sizebytes="589214"></div><p>On March 14, 189 BCE, a total solar eclipse swept over what is now northern Turkey. Greek astronomer Hipparchus would have just been a child at the time, but it's possible he saw the event.</p><p>Years later, Hipparchus may have used secondhand accounts of that same eclipse to make one of the era's most mathematically accurate estimates of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mind-boggling-nasa-photo-shows-moon-distance-from-earth-2022-10">moon's distance from Earth</a>.</p><p>Though Hipparchus' direct writings are lost, a 4th-century scholar <a target="_blank" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021828618817175">detailed</a> how he used the information.</p><p>The astronomer estimated the distance between where the total eclipse was in modern day Turkey and Alexandria, Egypt — where a fifth of the sun showed — to make his calculation.</p><p>Based on his math, Hipparchus offered a few ranges, including a mean distance<strong> </strong>of about 281,387 miles.</p><p>He wasn't terribly far off. The moon is about 238,855 miles away.</p><h2>4. Predicting the path of an eclipse</h2><div type="image" title="A map of England showing the path of an 18th century eclipse" height="2445" width="2000" msid="109088917" hostid="261" sizebytes="708824"></div><p>In the 11th or 12th century, Mayan astronomers made a remarkable prediction for their time: They calculated that a total solar eclipse would occur in 1991, and their prediction was accurate to within a day.</p><p>It would be centuries until humans made a more accurate prediction. In the 18th century,<strong><em> </em></strong><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/edmond-halley-solar-lunar-eclipse-manuscripts-sell-auction-2023-12">Edmond Halley</a>, better known for discovering a comet with his name, made a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2015/may/03/halleys-eclipse-newtonian-selling-science-history">map</a> predicting the path of the May 3, 1715 solar eclipse with extreme accuracy.</p><p>Others made maps before him, but Halley based his prediction on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/isaac-newton-burnt-notes-pyramids-apocalypse-theology-sold-auction-2020-12">Isaac Newton</a>'s theory of universal gravitation, which helped him pinpoint the eclipse's timing to within four minutes.</p><h2>5. The discovery of helium</h2><div type="image" title="A drawing of several people seated and standing around astronomical equipment in the late 19th century in India" height="1500" width="2175" msid="109088919" hostid="261" sizebytes="650872"></div><p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rare-element-arctic-lava-suggest-earth-core-may-leaking-2023-10">Helium</a> is very abundant in the universe but rare on Earth. It took an eclipse for an astronomer to discover it.</p><p>French astronomer Pierre Jules César Janssen had <a target="_blank" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-scientists-discovered-helium-first-alien-element-1868-180970057/">traveled</a> to Guntur, India just for the August 18, 1868 eclipse. He was using a spectroscope, a prism-like device for separating sunlight into a spectrum.</p><p>Janssen saw a yellow line with a wavelength unlike any other element. Around the same time, English astronomer Norman Lockyer developed an instrument for viewing the sun even without an eclipse. He saw the same line.</p><p>Lockyer called the mysterious element helium. It took a couple of decades for scientists to see it on Earth, during experiments on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/italy-skeleton-of-a-roman-killed-steps-from-sea-fled-vesuvius-eruption-2021-12">Mount Vesuvius</a> lava and uranium.</p><h2>6. Proof of Einstein's theory of relativity</h2><div type="image" title="A building holds a large piece of astronomical equipment with a long tube and rectangular box" height="1500" width="2244" msid="109088922" hostid="261" sizebytes="221628"></div><p>Astronomer James Craig Watson was certain he'd <a target="_blank" href="https://www.american-eclipse.com/">found</a> proof of a new planet during the 1878 eclipse. Supposedly located between the Sun and Mercury, Vulcan was only visible when the moon blocked the giant star.</p><p>Several more eclipses passed without anyone finding evidence of Vulcan. In 1915, Albert Einstein <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/einstein-showed-newton-was-wrong-about-gravity-now-scientists-are-ncna1038671">explained</a> Mercury's unusual orbit with his general <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/albert-einstein-thought-experiments-2023-10">theory of relativity</a>. It fit the data better than a mysterious, difficult-to-spot extra planet.</p><p>Despite this evidence, Einstein's theory didn't receive scientific proof until the May 29, 1919 eclipse. The physicist had said the sun's gravity would bend light from nearby stars.</p><p>In 1919, expeditions traveled to Principe, an island off the coast of Africa, and Brazil. While the moon blocked the sun, the astronomers took photographs.</p><p>The stars seemed to have shifted locations compared to the reference photos. The apparent new locations showed the sun was bending the light within the measurements that <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russell-einstein-manifesto-nuclear-weapons-bombs-danger-2024-2">Einstein predicted</a>.</p><h2>7. Studying eclipses from space</h2><div type="image" title="A large antenna dish beneath a solar eclipse" height="1383" width="2055" msid="109088924" hostid="261" sizebytes="79024"></div><p>Gemini 12 astronauts Jim Lovell and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/buzz-aldrin-thoughts-lunar-module-moon-liftoff-2017-7">Buzz Aldrin</a> were the first humans to see a total eclipse from space. The November 12, 1966 eclipse moved from Peru to Brazil, and the astronauts hovered near the path of totality.</p><p>It was a coincidence that they were close enough to see it, according to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-history-of-total-solar-eclipses-seen-by-astronauts-from-outer-space-180983909/">Smithsonian Magazine</a>. Aldrin's photos were unfocused and a bit disappointing.</p><p>Four years later, TV networks <a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8i9qNslaJA">broadcast</a> the "eclipse of the century," full of images of the event. NASA also launched over two dozen rockets to study <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-sunscreen-is-not-enough-to-protect-you-from-sun-2023-9">UV radiation</a> and solar X-rays during the phenomenon.</p><p>The agency still uses rockets to gather data during eclipses and will launch three on April 8.</p>

7 times a total solar eclipse revolutionized science 

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The solar eclipse on April 8 will affect solar power generation.</li><li>In the US, the path of totality will span from Texas to Maine but other states will be affected.</li></ul><p>On April 8, millions of people plan to put on a pair of eclipse glasses and watch as the moon crosses in front of the sun. While the event will affect <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-panel-industry-electricity-generation-us-eia-tariff-prices-trade-2024-2">solar power generation</a>, everyone's lights should still be on when they go back inside.</p><p>In the US, the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-map-nasa-where-when-see-path-of-totality-2024-3">path of totality</a> — where the moon will appear to fully block the sun — will stretch from Texas to Maine. However, electricity providers in other states with lots of solar energy also need to have power reserves ready, Barry Mather, an engineer with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, told Business Insider.</p><p>"This eclipse actually is going to impact solar generation across the entire North American continent, practically," he said. As the moon shades the sun, it will diminish the amount of sunlight that <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/new-passive-income-side-hustle-selling-electricity-neighbors-solar-panels-2023-12">solar panels</a> receive.</p><p>However, because we can precisely predict where and when the eclipse will be, that means utilities can plan around them to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/blackouts-power-outages-more-common-climate-change-electric-grid-infrastructure-2023-3">avoid blackouts</a>.</p><p>"I fully expect that we're all prepared for this," Mather said.</p><h2>There's more solar power in the US than in 2017</h2><p>There are quite a few reasons this year's eclipse <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-2024-total-solar-eclipse-cool-best-special-nasa-2024-1">will be different</a> from others in the past.</p><p>The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-a-solar-eclipse-2017-8">2017 total solar eclipse</a> in the US<strong> </strong>had a completely different path of totality than this year's, moving from Oregon to South Carolina in the US. The country also started generating about three times as much solar power in the past seven years, Mather said.</p><p>"The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-georgia-became-green-manufacturing-capital-2024-3">market is just growing</a> very quickly," he said, "so the impact's going to be about three times as high as it was in 2017."</p><div type="image" title="Two engineers bring the solar panel for installation at the solar farm." height="3648" width="5472" msid="108918628" hostid="261" sizebytes="1292690"></div><p>However, Mather said there was very little <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cactos-energy-storage-startup-raises-28-5-million-in-fresh-funds-2024-1">battery energy storage</a> during the last eclipse. "We still don't have a ton, but we do have some," he said.</p><p>To make up for the decrease in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/helio-year-sun-solar-system-probe-eclipse-events-2024-1">solar power</a>, utilities will have to turn to other sources.</p><h2>There shouldn't be blackouts</h2><p>On any given day, utilities have already planned the amount of power they'll generate and where it will come from 10 days in advance, Mather said. Eclipse days are no different.</p><p>"One thing that we're doing here at NREL is actually working with a number of the entities that are most impacted by the eclipse," Mather said.</p><p>As the day draws closer, changing weather forecasts may alter the plans a bit. If it will be cloudy, the solar generation won't be as affected, for example.</p><p>One way utilities are preparing is by planning to carry more reserves, or extra generation that's online and ready to provide extra power when necessary, Mather said.</p><div type="image" title="A person looks at a total eclipse through a telescope with sunset colors in the horizon behind her." height="1920" width="2560" msid="108918629" hostid="261" sizebytes="31260"></div><p>"We actually saw this in the 2017 eclipse, specifically in California," he said. The state has a lot of solar power.</p><p>"So when the power does start to fall off because the solar starts to decrease, there's very little disturbance to the grid in terms of frequency, voltage, all those sorts of metrics that we track as power system engineers," he said.</p><p>The reserves typically use less-green energy sources, like <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/71147.pdf">coal or natural gas</a>.</p><h2>The eclipse will impact California, Alaska, and other places outside the path of totality</h2><p>Many eyes will be on the skies in Texas, where populated cities like San Antonio, Austin, and Dallas are in the path of totality. It's also a state with a lot of solar power and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/renewable-energy-kept-texas-power-grid-stable-record-power-use-2023-8">its own grid</a>.</p><p>"In Texas, our estimations are that we will drop something like 14 gigawatts," Mather said. Just 1 gigawatt is enough to power 100 million LED bulbs, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/articles/how-much-power-1-gigawatt">according to</a> the Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy.</p><p>The eclipse looks fairly quick to humans, only taking a few minutes for the moon to pass by the sun. For solar panels, it's different, Mather said. Less intense sunlight will shine on the panels for longer than three to five minutes.</p><p>"The sun starts being occluded an hour or even more before the total eclipse happens," he said.</p><div type="image" title="A cheerleader smiles as she looks up at the sky holding eclipse glasses." height="1333" width="2000" msid="108918630" hostid="261" sizebytes="202708"></div><p>And the weaker sunlight will affect California and other states with solar panels.</p><p>Though it's far from the path of totality, Mather said, "the generation in San Diego, for instance, will still drop off by 50% or somewhere around there."</p><p>"There's so much focus on that path of totality, which I have no doubt is a very <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tips-how-to-take-pictures-photos-solar-eclipse-2024-2">cool thing to experience</a> as a human," he said. "But from a power system standpoint, it really is a nationwide impact that we will see."</p>

The eclipse will affect solar power in states like California that are far outside the path of totality 

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Canada's Niagara region has declared a "state of emergency" ahead of the solar eclipse on April 8.</li><li> Niagara Falls is expecting 1 million visitors  that  day.</li></ul><p><span>Canada's Niagara region has declared a state of emergency in preparation for some 1 million tourists who are expected to descend on the area to witness the upcoming total solar eclipse.</span></p><p><span>Niagara Falls, situated on the US-Canada border, is on the eclipse's path of totality. It will be one of the best places to witness the rare event on April 8.</span></p><p><span>In a total solar eclipse, </span><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mind-boggling-nasa-photo-shows-moon-distance-from-earth-2022-10"><span>the moon</span></a><span> appears to blot out the sun entirely.</span></p><p><span>In preparation for the influx of visitors, Jim Bradley, the Niagara Region chair, declared a state of emergency "out of an abundance of caution" to prepare for this "once-in-a-lifetime event."</span></p><p><a target="_blank" href="https://createsend.com/t/t-F606CADCC2BF2BD22540EF23F30FEDED"><span>The declaration</span></a><span>, which came into effect on Thursday, "strengthens the tools the Region has at its disposal to safeguard the health and safety of residents and visitors and protect our critical infrastructure in any scenario that might arise."</span></p><p><span>Bradley continued: "The spotlight will be on Niagara as thousands of visitors join us to share in this once-in-a-lifetime event, and we will be ready to shine."</span></p><p><span>Jim Diodati, the mayor of the Ontario city of Niagara Falls, </span><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&amp;v=hB3Bi-QNqTM"><span>estimated </span></a><span>that up to 1 million people would be there that day — usually, 14 million people visit the waterfall over the course of a year.</span></p><div type="image" title="Niagara Falls from the Canadian side" height="4024" width="6048" msid="108904769" hostid="261"></div><p><span>T-Mobile </span><a target="_blank" href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=377c4a723e059af13278e50229446f9b4a808ed45adf50164d13610034add88c&amp;postID=66081fdb9c303b96ab8421da&amp;postSlug=total-solar-eclipse-2024-niagara-region-declares-state-of-emergency-2024-3&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.t-mobile.com%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2Fsolar-eclipse-2024%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%25202024%2520total%2520solar%2520eclipse%2Cthe%2520surge%2520of%2520eclipse%2520chasers."><span>is deploying</span></a><span> additional cell sites to help handle the surge of visitors.</span></p><p><span>The region will modify some of its events and services and close some facilities to keep traffic off the roads, the region's declaration said.</span></p><div type="image" title="usa map with band showing path of total solar eclipse from Texas to Maine" height="960" width="1920" msid="108904771" hostid="261"></div><p><span>Over 30 million people in the US will be able to see the total solar eclipse on April 8.</span></p><p><span>NASA has predicted </span><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-2024-total-solar-eclipse-cool-best-special-nasa-2024-1"><span>the celestial event will be spectacular</span></a><span> due to abundant solar activity.</span></p><p><span>US residents who miss this year's eclipse will have to wait another few decades for a similar event. The next total solar eclipses visible in the contiguous US will be in 2044 and 2045.</span></p>

Canada's Niagara region declares 'state of emergency' as a million total solar eclipse watchers predicted

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/coronal-hole-on-sun-blasts-solar-wind-toward-earth-2023-3">The sun</a> has a big year in 2024, starting with a total solar eclipse across the US.</li><li>As the sun builds to maximum activity, watch out for <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/northern-lights-sky-friday-us-solar-winds-giant-hole-sun-2023-3">the northern lights</a> too.</li></ul><p>The sun was showing off all last year, with dramatic eruptions, sunspots, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/second-giant-coronal-hole-sun-solar-winds-space-weather-aurora-2023-3">giant "holes,"</a> and even a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-video-solar-tornado-plasma-2023-3">14-earths-high tornado of plasma</a>. But 2024 may be our star's biggest year yet.</p><p>That's what giddy <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sun-polar-vortex-video-from-solar-plasma-break-2023-2">NASA</a> scientists told reporters at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco in December. In true NASA fashion, they're calling it the "heliophysics big year."</p><div type="image" title="solar flare" height="627" width="1089" msid="107672113" hostid="261" sizebytes="43108"></div><p>One of the main events this year will be a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-2024-total-solar-eclipse-cool-best-special-nasa-2024-1">historically cool total solar eclipse crossing the US in April</a>. It's estimated up to 7.4 million people will travel to the path of totality to witness the rare event.</p><p>Another exciting event involves NASA's prime solar probe, which is set to skim <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sunspots-15-times-size-of-earth-solar-storm-into-view-2023-11">the sun's surface</a> in December, flying closer than any previous spacecraft.</p><div type="image" title="total solar eclipse 2019" height="1290" width="1960" msid="107188970" hostid="261"></div><p>Meanwhile, the Northern and Southern Lights are sure to have an impressive year, as well.</p><p>Already, we've seen beautiful aurora reach as far south as Arizona within the last year. And as<strong> </strong><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sun-more-active-solar-storms-auroras-power-outages-grounded-flights-2023-2">stormy activity on the sun,</a> which helps spark aurora worldwide, is set to increase, we could continue to see the Northern Lights illuminate skies across the US at unusually low latitudes.</p><p>For viewers in Australia, New Zealand, and South America, the Southern Lights (aurora australis) will surely make spectacular displays too.</p><div type="image" title="ribbons of green pink purple northern lights stretch across the night sky above homes and lights of a sprawling town" height="1500" width="2250" msid="107188973" hostid="261"></div><p>It will be about 11 years — a full <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/next-solar-maximum-2025-what-expect-cycle-2023-4">solar cycle</a> — before the aurora is so active again.</p><p>"<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-maximum-could-sooner-than-expected-2023-6">The sun</a> touches everything, and we are challenging you to experience the sun in as many ways as possible," Kelly Korreck, NASA's program manager for the upcoming eclipse, said during the AGU roundtable.</p><h2>The sun's big year kicks off with a total eclipse</h2><div type="image" title="A cheerleader smiles as she looks up at the sky holding eclipse glasses." height="1333" width="2000" msid="107672115" hostid="261" sizebytes="202708"></div><p>While the rest of us put on our <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-where-when-see-solar-eclipse-united-states-nasa-map-2023-3">eclipse glasses</a> or look out for the pink and green ribbons of the aurora, astronomers will be busy at work. This year's solar events are a huge scientific opportunity.</p><p>For example, NASA is launching three rockets during the April total solar eclipse, loaded with instruments to study how the sudden darkness changes our upper atmosphere.</p><p>A total solar eclipse offers scientists a unique opportunity to observe the corona — the outer layer of the sun's atmosphere. The corona is over 100 times hotter than the sun's surface, but scientists can't explain why and it's one of the biggest mysteries in our solar system. Because the moon blocks the main disc of the sun during an eclipse, only the corona is visible.</p><p>NASA's Parker Solar Probe and the European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter will also be watching the eclipse from two different vantage points in space, as they orbit close to the sun. That extra data can help scientists get 3D observations of the corona, as well as validate measurements from Earth-based observatories.</p><p>That's just one fleeting moment of the sun's big year. Throughout 2024, as solar activity builds, countless observatories and physicists will be watching closely.</p><h2>The sun will get more and more active</h2><div type="image" title="X-class solar flare erupting off the sun." height="747" width="800" msid="107188979" hostid="261"></div><p>When <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-flare-from-sunspot-caused-widespread-radio-blackouts-earth-2023-5">the sun belches</a> plasma and charged particles into space, they can speed toward Earth, travel down our planet's magnetic field lines toward the poles, and interact with molecules in our atmosphere to make the aurora. They can also bump satellites out of orbit and surge through technologies on the ground, triggering radio blackouts and meddling with GPS.</p><div type="image" title="solar flare red orange plasma erupting from the sun's surface" height="1500" width="1500" msid="107672116" hostid="261" sizebytes="153010"></div><p>There's always a steady flow of this "<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-discovered-solar-wind-disappear-around-mars-2023-12">solar wind</a>," but eruptions on the sun can send a powerful flood of solar wind careening toward our planet. That's what scientists call space weather. These storms are happening more and more as the sun climbs toward peak activity.</p><div type="image" title="Solar Wind" height="360" width="640" msid="107188982" hostid="261"></div><p>People on Earth are safe from these blasts of solar activity, with the exception of rare cases where they might cause power or <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/titanic-theory-suggests-aurora-borealis-solar-storm-affected-crash-2020-9">radio blackouts</a>. But as NASA and other space agencies send humans back to the moon and on to Mars, space weather will become a safety issue for them.</p><p>Studying solar eruptions and flares can help scientists forecast space weather better in the future. That could be crucial for long-distance spaceflights.</p><p>"If we want to win the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-up-the-ante-space-race-sky-ladder-to-mars-2021-6">race to Mars</a> then we have to have awareness of space weather all over the place," Nour Raouafi, a lead scientist for the Parker Solar Probe, said at the roundtable.</p><h2>NASA to almost land on the sun at the end of the year</h2><div type="image" title="nasa parker solar probe plus sun mission illustration" height="1687" width="3000" msid="107188983" hostid="261"></div><p>The "crown jewel" of the sun's big year comes on December 24, though, Raouafi said. That's when the Parker Solar Probe will fly closer to the sun than any spacecraft has ever gone, about 3.8 million miles from its surface.</p><p>For comparison, Earth is 93 million miles from the sun.</p><p>On this close flyby, the probe will face unfathomably extreme heat and radiation, with temperatures as high as 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit.</p><p>Collecting data so close to the source of the solar wind will help scientists understand how it forms. It will also fuel the study of the corona.</p><p>"This is a monumental achievement for all of humanity. This is equivalent to the moon landing of '69. Now we are basically almost landing on a star," Raouafi said.</p>

Watch the sun show off all year with a total eclipse, strong solar storms, and NASA almost landing on the solar surface

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Millions of people in the US will be able to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-where-when-see-solar-eclipse-united-states-nasa-map-2023-3">see a total solar eclipse</a> on April 8.</li><li>Some highly populated US cities are right in the path of the eclipse, so people can easily view it.</li></ul><p>Millions of people will be able to don <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-2017-how-to-know-if-solar-eclipse-glasses-are-safe-2017-8"><u>protective glasses</u></a> and view a spectacular total solar eclipse on Monday, starting around 1 p.m. CT.</p><p>If this sounds familiar, it's because in 2017, a 70-mile-wide band of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-of-2017-total-solar-eclipse-gatherings-across-the-us-2017-8">the US saw a total solar eclipse</a>, while many other areas saw a partial eclipse. People drove across states and gathered near planetariums just to see those fleeting minutes when, in the middle of the day, the sky went dark.</p><p>But the total eclipse coming next week will be even cooler, excited NASA <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/comet-heading-earth-bright-outshine-stars-scientists-c-2023-a32023-3">scientists</a> told reporters at an American Geophysical Union meeting in December.</p><p>"Those of us who've seen eclipses know that you want to see your next one," Kelly Korreck, NASA's program manager for the 2024 solar eclipse, said during a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xrjy_q1AYo"><u>roundtable</u></a> at the meeting.</p><p>She added that having one in such recent memory likely has many people excited for <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/helio-year-sun-solar-system-probe-eclipse-events-2024-1">this year's</a>.</p><p>While <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/every-total-solar-eclipse-until-2040-video-2017-8"><u>total solar eclipses</u></a> aren't exactly rare, there are a few circumstances around this upcoming event that make it unique, from its path across the US to an abundance of solar activity to a plethora of scientific projects that NASA and others have planned for the few minutes when the moon will seem to cover the sun.</p><h2>Over 30 million people will be able to see the total solar eclipse</h2><div type="image" title="A cheerleader smiles as she looks up at the sky holding eclipse glasses." height="1333" width="2000" msid="107014321" hostid="261"></div><p>There are three <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-a-solar-eclipse-2017-8"><u>types of solar eclipses</u></a>:</p><ol><li><p>an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/october-solar-eclipse-annular-ring-of-fire-where-how-watch-2023-10">annular eclipse</a> appears as a bright ring around the moon</p></li><li><p>a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-stunning-images-show-sun-obscured-in-rare-event-2021-6"><u>partial eclipse</u></a> only partly blocks the sun</p></li><li><p>in a total eclipse, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mind-boggling-nasa-photo-shows-moon-distance-from-earth-2022-10">the moon</a> seems to cover the sun entirely</p></li></ol><p>In 2017, the continental US had its <a target="_blank" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/when-is-next-solar-eclipse-when-was-last-solar-eclipse-2017-8"><u>first coast-to-coast total eclipse</u></a> since 1918. Portions of 14 states were in the path, but populated cities like Atlanta and Charlotte, North Carolina, were not.</p><p>This year, more people will be able to see the eclipse without having to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/great-american-total-solar-eclipse-where-view-see-cities-visible-2024-2">travel</a>.</p><p>The path spreads from Mexico to northeastern Canada.</p><div type="image" title="usa map with band showing path of total solar eclipse from Texas to Maine" height="960" width="1920" msid="108309749" hostid="261"></div><p>"This is going to be the most populated eclipse in the US, with 31.5 million people able to just walk outside of their homes and experience this event," Korreck said.</p><p>Dallas, Cleveland, and Indianapolis are all positioned for prime total eclipse viewing.</p><h2>The eclipse will last slightly longer than the last one did</h2><p>Depending on your location, you'll have about 3 to 4 minutes to watch the moon blot out <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sunspots-15-times-size-of-earth-solar-storm-into-view-2023-11">the sun</a>.</p><p>That peak of the eclipse, called totality, will last slightly longer than the one in 2017 did, Korreck said.</p><p>US residents who miss this year's eclipse will have to wait another couple of decades for a similar event. The next total solar eclipses visible in the contiguous US will be in 2044 and 2045, but neither will cut through Cleveland or Indianapolis.</p><p>"You're not going to get another eclipse for quite a while," Korreck said.</p><h2>An active sun should make for incredible viewing</h2><p>In 2017, the sun was fairly quiet during the eclipse. As it approaches its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-maximum-could-sooner-than-expected-2023-6"><u>solar maximum</u></a>, it's been spitting out <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sun-more-active-solar-storms-auroras-power-outages-grounded-flights-2023-2"><u>solar flares</u></a>.</p><p>Korreck hopes to see a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-video-footage-shows-sun-solar-activity-increasing-2023-5"><u>coronal mass ejection</u></a> during the eclipse. CMEs are high-speed blobs of plasma that erupt out of the sun's corona, or outer layer.</p><p>"You would see that kind of inky mass just leave the sun at that point in time," Korreck said. "So it would be pretty spectacular."</p><div type="image" title="solar eclipse" height="683" width="1024" msid="107014326" hostid="261"></div><p>If that happens, Korreck said there should be increased <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/northern-lights-aurora-borealis-visible-17-states-including-new-york-2023-7"><u>aurora borealis activity</u></a> a few days later. Even if there's no CME, the images could be more dynamic than in 2017, with more whisp-like prominences radiating from the sun.</p><p>"It should be a very <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sun-images-reveal-creepy-threads-holes-light-bridge-solar-surface-2023-5">complex-looking sun</a>," Korreck said.</p><h2>Balloons, rockets, and citizen scientists will be tracking the eclipse</h2><p>There's a reason solar eclipses are a big deal in the scientific community. "They provide you with the opportunity to do experiments that you cannot do otherwise," Nour E. Raouafi, an astrophysicist with Johns Hopkins University, said during the roundtable.</p><p>An eclipse in 1919 <a target="_blank" href="https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/testing-general-relativity"><u>proved</u></a> Albert Einstein's <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/albert-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-notes-sold-for-13-million-2021-11"><u>theory of relativity</u></a>, he said.</p><div type="image" title="huddle of people look up toward the sun while holding pink eclipse glasses up to their eyes in front of a wall of sand colored bricks in desert landscape" height="1500" width="2250" msid="107014328" hostid="261"></div><p>This will probably be the most observed total solar eclipse in history.</p><p>That's because NASA and other institutions will be using radar, balloons, spacecraft, and jets to perform experiments and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mars-solar-eclipse-nasa-perseverance-rover-phobos-sun-2023-10"><u>gather data during the eclipse</u></a>. NASA is interested in tracking changes to density, wind speed, and temperatures at the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-rockets-holes-in-ionosphere-2023-11"><u>ionosphere</u></a> — part of the Earth's upper atmosphere — during the event.</p><p>Unlike the 2017 eclipse, there are now two <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-on-mission-to-touch-the-sun-in-milestone-for-space-exploration-2023-12">sun-scrutinizing spacecraft</a> circling our star. It's an opportunity NASA has never had before — to monitor the sun up close, from two different space observatories, while instruments here on Earth study the eclipse.</p><p>That should give scientists more comprehensive eclipse data than they've ever had.</p><p>There are tons of <a target="_blank" href="https://science.nasa.gov/eclipses/citizen-science/"><u>citizen scientist projects</u></a> taking place, too. NASA is hoping people will use their Ham radios, telescopes, cameras, and phones to record images, sounds, and observations during the eclipse.</p><p><em>This story was originally published in January 2024 and most recently updated on April 4, 2024.</em></p>

Why NASA says the total solar eclipse on Monday will be way cooler than any before it

<br /><br />The mission, known as <keyword id="19026307" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="atmospheric-perturbations" source="Orion">Atmospheric Perturbations</keyword> around the Eclipse Path or APEP, is led by <keyword id="19026308" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="aroh-barjatya" source="Orion">Aroh Barjatya</keyword>, will study how the sudden drop in sunlight affects our upper atmosphere, the space agency has said.<br /><br />On October 14, people viewing the annular solar eclipse will experience the sun dimming to 10 per cent its normal brightness, leaving only a bright "ring of fire" of sunlight as the moon eclipses the sun.<br /><br />Some 50 miles up and beyond, the air itself becomes electric. Scientists call this atmospheric layer the ionosphere because it is where the UV component of sunlight can pry electrons away from atoms to form a sea of high-flying ions and electrons.<br /><br />The sun's constant energy keeps these mutually attracted particles separated throughout the day. But as the sun dips below the horizon, many recombine into neutral atoms for the night, only to part ways again at sunrise.<br /><br />During a solar eclipse, the sunlight vanishes and reappears over a small part of the landscape almost at once. In a flash, ionospheric temperature and density drop, then rise again, sending waves rippling through the ionosphere.<br /><br />"If you think of the ionosphere as a pond with some gentle ripples on it, the eclipse is like a motorboat that suddenly rips through the water," said <keyword id="40286" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="barjatya" source="Orion">Barjatya</keyword>, a professor of engineering physics at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Florida.<br /><br />"It creates a wake immediately underneath and behind it, and then the water level momentarily goes up as it rushes back in."<br /><br />The APEP team plans to launch three rockets in succession -- one about 35 minutes before local peak eclipse, one during peak eclipse, and one 35 minutes after. They will fly just outside the path of annularity, where the moon passes directly in front of the sun.<br /><br />Each rocket will deploy four small scientific instruments that will measure changes in electric and magnetic fields, density, and temperature. If they are successful, these will be the first simultaneous measurements taken from multiple locations in the ionosphere during a solar eclipse.<br /><br />Barjatya chose sounding rockets to answer the team's science questions because they can pinpoint and measure specific regions of space with high fidelity. They can also measure changes that happen at different altitudes as the suborbital rocket ascends and falls back to Earth.<br /><br />The APEP rockets will take measurements between 70 to 325 kilometres) above the ground along their trajectory.<br /><br />In addition, a ground-based observation will collect ionospheric density and neutral wind measurements. A team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Haystack Observatory in Westford, will run their radar to measure ionospheric perturbations farther away from the eclipse path.<br /><br />Finally, a team of students from Embry-Riddle will deploy high-altitude balloons (reaching 100,000 feet) every 20 minutes to measure weather changes as the eclipse passes by.<br /><br />The APEP rockets launched in New Mexico will be recovered and then relaunched from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, on April 8, 2024, when a total solar eclipse will cross the US from Texas to Maine.<br /><br />

Riding into the sun: Indian-origin NASA scientist to lead rocket mission into 2023 solar eclipse

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/october-solar-eclipse-annular-ring-of-fire-where-how-watch-2023-10">ring of fire</a>" solar eclipse will take place on Saturday, October 14.</li><li>It promises to be a lot more eye-catching than last year's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-where-when-see-solar-eclipse-united-states-nasa-map-2023-3">solar eclipse</a> on Mars.</li></ul><p>There are probably many interesting sights you could see <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-plan-colonize-mars-plan-unrealistic-scientists-explain-2023-10">from Mars</a>. The Earth and its moon would <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/89/earth-from-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">appear as</a> bright stars, for example. But a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-stunning-images-show-sun-obscured-in-rare-event-2021-6">solar eclipse</a>? Well, it's a little lackluster. </p><p>Solar eclipses on Earth look the way they do because the size of the moon in the sky is nearly exactly the same size as the sun in the sky. So, when the two align, it's like two halves of an Oreo coming together, which makes for an especially amazing view. But Mars' moons are tiny <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/full-moon-names-meaning-origin-lunar-calendar-2023">compared to Earth's</a>.</p><p>Neither of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mars-moon-phobos-is-dying-2015-11">Mars' two moons</a>, Phobos and Deimos, are nearly large enough to fully block the sun. Phobos looks about a third the size of Earth's moon, and Deimos is even tinier, appearing like a little speck compared to the sun.</p><p>As a result, Mars has what's called annular eclipses or transits, where you can still see most of the sun as one of the moons moves past.</p><p>Earth has its own annular eclipse due to start in southwestern Oregon at 9:13 a.m. PDT on Saturday, October 14. But as shown below, Earth's moon covers much more of the sun, just leaving the fringes visible which creates an effect that looks like a ring of fire, hence the nickname for this type of eclipse on Earth.</p><div type="image" title="A side-by-side image of Phobos transitting the sun and a solar eclipse of Earth's moon with a bright ring of fire around the dark shape" height="1080" width="1440" msid="104420859" hostid="261" sizebytes="20020"></div><p>The event on Earth promises to be breathtaking, especially for those in parts of the US where residents will see the moon overtake most of the sun. However, only watch with the proper <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-approved-eclipse-glasses-brands-2017-8">protective eyewear</a>.</p><h2>The transit of Mars' moon Phobos across the sun</h2><p>In 2022, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasas-perseverance-rover-experiment-reliably-making-oxygen-on-mars-2022-8">NASA's Perseverance rover</a> observed Phobos' transit. The image is far from breathtaking. Instead, it starts off looking a bit like an overhead projector where someone's finger is obscuring the image. </p><p>Slowly, slowly the dark blob moves across the bright yellow ball. Eventually, the potato-shaped Phobos moves out of frame. The cosmic ballet continues. </p><div type="image" title="Solar eclipse on Mars." height="401" width="650" msid="104420861" hostid="261" sizebytes="3352"></div><p>So this may not be Perseverance's finest photo. That's OK. It still has plenty of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-perseverance-rover-best-photos-100-days-on-mars-2021-6">spectacular images</a> in its portfolio. Its 23 cameras have picked up craters, sand dunes, dust devils, and much more on the red planet. </p><p>And even if the transit itself wasn't as impressive as eclipses here on Earth, looking back at other images and video of <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planets/mars/what-does-a-solar-eclipse-look-like-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">similar events</a> taken from other NASA spacecraft does highlight the impressiveness of Perseverance's technology.</p><p>For comparison, here's a shot of what Opportunity saw in 2004 and what the Curiosity rover saw during a 2019 eclipse:</p><div type="image" title="The sun in three images with Mars's moons in transit going past, looking like small dark blobs" height="750" width="1000" msid="104420863" hostid="261" sizebytes="4158"></div><p>Perseverance landed on Mars on February 18, 2021. It <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/electrical-power/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">should last</a> at least another decade, so it will have plenty of opportunities to capture stunning photos and videos, eclipses and all. </p>

Mars's sad, potato-shaped moon eclipsing the sun shown in NASA video. Be glad you're on Earth for this weekend's solar eclipse.

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Silver prices have soared 35% this year, hitting 12-year highs at about $32 an ounce.</li><li>Silver's rise is driven by industrial demand, especially for solar panels amid green-energy shifts.</li></ul><p>Record-high gold prices are in the spotlight — but it's really the yellow metal's poorer cousin, silver, that's outperforming in the price rally.</p><p><a target="_blank" href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/silver-price">Spot silver prices</a> have gained 35% this year to date, reaching 12-year highs. They're now about $32 an ounce.</p><p>In comparison, <a target="_blank" href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/realtime-chart/gold-price">spot gold prices</a> are at about $2,350 an ounce but have gained just 14% so far this year.</p><p>While gold's bull run has been driven by central banks' desire to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/dedollarization-usd-strong-china-pboc-central-banks-buy-gold-inflation-2024-5">diversify their assets</a> and a consumer flight to safety amid macroeconomic uncertainties — <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/gold-price-china-consumers-central-bank-pboc-economy-concerns-dedollarization-2024-4">particularly in China</a> — silver's dazzling performance this year is underpinned by industrial demand.</p><p>To be sure, there are industrial uses for gold, too, but as <a target="_blank" href="https://advisor.morganstanley.com/the-spooner-group/articles/investing/gold-vs-silver">Morgan Stanley</a> explained, half of all silver is used in heavy industry and technology.</p><p>"The fact that silver has been outshining gold in recent weeks is due mostly to its application in manufacturing," Daniela Hathorn, a senior market analyst at the online-trading platform<em> </em><a target="_blank" href="https://capital.com/gold-and-silver-recover-from-last-week-s-pullback-but-face-resistance-ahead-of-us-pce">Capital.com</a>, wrote on Tuesday.</p><p>"Whilst it also attracts safe haven demand — even though not as much as its yellow counterpart — its industrial demand has been driving the moves higher given the resilience in <a target="_blank" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/INDPRO">manufacturing activity in the US</a>," Hathorn added.</p><h2 id="e5fef072-3c9d-4492-ba53-aec58d8b3d06">Silver is used in solar panels as well as general industry</h2><p>In particular, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.silverinstitute.org/silver-solar-technology-2/">silver is a key raw material for solar panels</a>. They're in demand amid the world's transition to sustainable energy, and China has raced to manufacture them.</p><p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-29/china-s-silver-imports-set-to-jump-as-solar-demand-lifts-prices">Bloomberg</a> reported on Wednesday that China's silver imports hit a three-year high of 390 tons in December and then hit 340 tons in April — well above the monthly five-year average of 310 tons.</p><p>China's demand for silver is so strong that domestic prices of the precious metal are higher than international prices; Bloomberg reported that this would likely lead to more imports to the East Asian nation in the coming weeks.</p><p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.silverinstitute.org/global-silver-demand-forecasted-to-rise-to-1-2-billion-ounces-in-2024/">The Silver Institute</a>, an industry association, said in January that global demand was set to outstrip supply for the fourth straight year in 2024.</p><p>Other than solar panels, silver is also used in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.silverinstitute.org/silver-and-your-automobile/">electronics, as catalysts in industrial processes, and in car parts</a>.</p><h2 id="0654f5db-ded6-4bba-8ea6-70a92db686d3">China is overproducing solar panels</h2><p>Solar panels are a sore spot between the West and China.</p><p>The US, Europe, and their allies <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-economy-overcapacity-dumping-manufacturing-exports-economic-woes-world-yellen-2024-4">accuse China of unfair trade practices</a>, including making and exporting so many solar panels — among other goods — that it's impacting their economies.</p><p>Beijing has pushed back on the West's claims of overcapacity, saying they're aimed at containing China's economic growth.</p><p>To be sure, there isn't overcapacity and overproduction in all sectors of China's industry, as a <a target="_blank" rel=" nofollow" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-02/us-europe-gripes-on-china-overcapacity-aren-t-all-backed-by-data?srnd=all"><u>Bloomberg analysis</u></a> in April found. The problem is mainly in sectors in which China already had the upper hand over the West, such as lower-tech goods and building materials.</p><p>China's production of solar panels and batteries also exceeds the demand for them<em>. </em>But the competition doesn't extend to a key emerging area of contention: electric vehicles.</p><p>The West's hawkish moves toward China now follow the East Asian giant's breakneck industrialization to its position as the factory of the world over the past four decades. That quick ascendance wiped out jobs and decimated communities elsewhere — a phenomenon three researchers termed "<a target="_blank" rel="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-shock-explainer-us-economy-trade-dumping-supply-glut-yellen-2024-4"><u>China shock</u></a>."</p>

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Riding into the sun: Indian-origin NASA scientist to lead rocket mission into 2023 solar eclipse

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Mars's sad, potato-shaped moon eclipsing the sun shown in NASA video. Be glad you're on Earth for this weekend's solar eclipse.

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