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<ul class="summary-list"><li>NASA's Webb Telescope revealed just how giant the water plumes shooting out of a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saturns-death-star-moon-mimas-may-have-a-secret-ocean-2022-1">Saturn moon</a> are.</li><li>The water gushes 6,000 miles, or about twice the length of the US, from the moon called <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ocean-saturn-moon-enceladus-building-blocks-life-amino-acids-2019-10">Enceladus</a>.</li></ul><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-new-space-images-galaxies-james-webb-telescope-chandra-xray-2023-5">NASA's James Webb Space Telescope</a> spotted a gigantic water plume spewing from a Saturn moon that could host alien life. It's creating a donut of water around the ringed planet.</p><p>Astronomers have previously seen water shooting from the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/an-ancient-moon-titled-saturn-when-it-shattered-new-research-suggests-2022-9">moon</a>, called Enceladus, but never like this.</p><p>NASA's Cassini spacecraft first spotted the mysterious spray on the moon's south pole as it flew past in 2005. Before that, scientists thought Enceladus was an inert ball of ice. The plumes revealed something far more exciting: a global ocean deep below its frozen crust. That makes Enceladus one of our solar system's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-underwater-rover-hunt-alien-life-on-ocean-worlds-2019-11">top candidates for alien life</a>. </p><p>The close-up Cassini images gave astronomers this vision of Enceladus:</p><div type="image" title="dark moon enceladus horizon with white jets shooting into space" height="977" width="1302" msid="100659463" hostid="261"></div><p>But <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/times-nasa-webb-space-telescope-spotted-something-hubble-missed">the James Webb Space Telescope is the most powerful observatory ever launched into space</a>. So when scientists turned its sites to Enceladus, they saw its salty water plume at an unprecedented scale that indicates these plumes are much larger than previously thought.</p><h2><strong style="background-color: #ffcc00;">Webb</strong> revealed an enormous plume on Enceladus</h2><p>Webb discovered a 6,000-mile-long burst of water — twice the length of the continental US — NASA <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/webb-maps-surprisingly-large-plume-jetting-from-saturn-s-moon-enceladus" target="_blank" rel="noopener">announced</a> on Tuesday.</p><div type="image" title="pixelated image shows expansive pixelated blue plume coming from grey dot in space with a breakout image indicating the dot is the moon enceladus" height="1500" width="1500" msid="100659465" hostid="261"></div><p>"When I was looking at the data, at first, I was thinking I had to be wrong," Geronimo Villanueva, a scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and a lead author on the new Webb findings, said in a press release. "It was just so shocking to detect a water plume more than 20 times the size of the moon."</p><p>The plume is long enough to stretch from Los Angeles, California, to Buenos Aires, Argentina. For comparison, Enceladus itself could fit comfortably between Los Angeles and San Francisco.</p><p>The plumes are exploding off the moon's surface into space at a rate of 79 gallons per second, which could fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool in just two hours, according to NASA.</p><h2>Enceladus formed a water donut around Saturn</h2><p>About 30% of the water from the plumes then feeds into a giant ring of water around Saturn, called a torus, and the rest escapes into the planet's water system. </p><p>"The orbit of Enceladus around Saturn is relatively quick, just 33 hours. As it whips around Saturn, the moon and its jets are basically spitting off water, leaving a halo, almost like a donut, in its wake," Villanueva said.</p><div type="image" title="illustration of saturn surrounded by a ring of blue water from the moon enceladus with a breakout of spectral data breaking down where the water is in the ring, the plume, and the center" height="3011" width="3840" msid="100659467" hostid="261"></div><p>"In the Webb observations, not only was the plume huge, but there was just water absolutely everywhere," Villanueva said.</p><p>Saturn has at least 124 moons, and Enceladus is among its most interesting.</p><p>It's about 4% the size of Earth. Any alien life in its subsurface ocean could be getting energy from deep-sea vents, using chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis, as some deep-sea organisms do on Earth.</p>

NASA's Webb Telescope spots a water plume twice the length of the US, spewing from a Saturn moon that could host alien life

A team of scientists has urged <keyword id="6360409" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="nasa" source="Orion">NASA</keyword> to probe the ice giant Uranus and look for life on Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons, on priority in the coming decade.<br /><br />In a report, the team at <keyword id="5058373" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="national-academies-of-sciences" source="Orion">National Academies of Sciences</keyword>, Engineering, and Medicine (NAS), recommended NASA to focus on three high-level scientific themes: origins, worlds and processes, and life and habitability, in the next 10 years, Zdnet reported.<br /><br />Despite the fact that ice giant systems are the most common form of planets in the universe, there is a "dearth of knowledge" about them, said <keyword id="1225866" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="robin-canup" source="Orion">Robin Canup</keyword>, co-chair of the NAS steering committee for the decadal survey, in a statement.<br /><br />Ice giants are the only class of planet in our solar system that hasn't had a dedicated orbital tour.<br /><br />The Uranus Orbiter and Probe (UOP) should be NASA's highest priority large mission, the report said.<br /><br />The UOP aims to conduct a multi-year orbital tour to transform knowledge of ice giants in general, and the Uranian system in particular, through flybys and the delivery of an atmospheric probe.<br /><br />"Uranus is one of the most intriguing bodies in the solar system," the report said.<br /><br />"Its low internal energy, active atmospheric dynamics, and complex magnetic field all present major puzzles. A primordial giant impact may have produced the planet's extreme axial tilt and possibly its rings and satellites, although this is uncertain."<br /><br />Further, the report stated that NASA's next priority should be the Enceladus Orbilander - a mission to search for evidence of life on Enceladus, the sixth-largest moon of Saturn.<br /><br />The mission would take place from orbit and during a two-year landed mission that would perform detailed studies of fresh plume material coming from Enceladus' interior ocean.<br /><br />The comprehensive decadal report also evaluated a wide range of other missions.<br /><br />It lauded the progress made studying <keyword id="47638" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="mars" source="Orion">Mars</keyword>, as well as NASA's Discovery Programme. It also stresses the potential for combining human and robotic exploration in space.<br /><br />The report also focused on planetary defence - the effort to detect and track objects like asteroids that could pose a threat to life on <keyword id="6359982" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="earth" source="Orion">Earth</keyword>.<br /><br />It recommends a focus on enhancing near-Earth object (<keyword id="270533" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="neo" source="Orion">NEO</keyword>) detection, tracking, and characterisation capabilities, as well as the improving NEO modeling and prediction.<br /><br />It also suggests developing technologies for NEO deflection and disruption missions.<br /><br /><strong>SEE ALSO:<br /><a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/ceo-bonus-for-the-top-10-tech-giants-soared-400-amid-pandemic/articleshow/90949619.cms">CEO bonus for the top 10 tech giants soared 400% amid pandemic</a><br /><a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/enterprise/news/netflix-has-lost-200000-subscribers-in-the-first-quarter-of-2022/articleshow/90950450.cms">Netflix share price tanks as the company records its first drop in users since 2011</a></strong><br />

NASA to probe Uranus, aims to examine Saturn's moon that could support life

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/animation-saturn-rings-orbit-spin-faster-than-speed-of-sound-2021-3">Saturn's</a> small <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/video-shows-triple-moon-eclipse-on-jupiter-2021-8">moon</a> Mimas could have an <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-jupiter-oceanic-moon-europa-radioactive-glow-2020-11">ocean</a> of liquid water deep beneath its surface.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-james-webb-telescope-successfully-deployed-space-mirror-unfolds-2022-1">NASA</a>'s <keyword id="13007169" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="cassini" source="Orion">Cassini</keyword> spacecraft detected swaying in the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-gives-spacex-europa-clipper-launch-contract-jupiter-moon-mission-2021-7">icy moon</a>'s spin that could lead to internal heat.</li></ul><p><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-james-webb-space-telescope-first-year-in-space-2021-12">NASA</a> is studying several moons of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-hubble-portraits-jupiter-saturn-uranus-neptune-changing-weather-colors-2021-11">Saturn</a> and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-hubble-photos-jupiter-show-dark-red-storms-raging-2021-11">Jupiter</a> that carry oceans of liquid water deep beneath their surfaces, where <keyword id="12012815" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="alien-life" source="Orion">alien life</keyword> could thrive. Another <keyword id="11900364" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="moon" source="Orion">moon</keyword>, previously assumed to be a barren ice rock, might join their ranks.</p><p>Mimas is a small moon of <keyword id="12593808" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="saturn" source="Orion">Saturn</keyword>, often compared to the Death Star from Star Wars, thanks to its large, distinct crater. Scientists have long believed that Mimas is an inert ball of ice because of its heavily cratered surface. Icy worlds with oceans are usually smooth, since changes in their surface ice pave over craters, or cracked. Tidal forces stretch and relax these moons, which both cracks the surface ice and heats the moons' insides, sustaining internal oceans.</p><p>But <keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="nasa" source="Orion">NASA</keyword>'s Cassini mission, which orbited and studied Saturn for over a decade, detected an unexpected oscillation in Mimas's rotation. As it spins on its axis, Mimas wobbles slightly. Such oscillations may point to an ocean deep beneath the moon's ice, according to a new analysis.</p><div type="image" title="saturn rings up close with distant moon mimas in the background" height="1013" width="1005" msid="89050348" hostid="261"></div><p>"If Mimas has an ocean, it represents a new class of small, 'stealth' <keyword id="13007168" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="ocean-worlds" source="Orion">ocean worlds</keyword> with surfaces that do not betray the ocean's existence," Alyssa Rhoden, a geophysicist who led the analysis at the Southwest Research Institute, said in a <a href="https://www.swri.org/press-release/swri-scientist-uncovers-evidence-internal-ocean-small-saturn-moon">press release</a>.</p><p>Rhoden's finding was <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103521005091?via%3Dihub">published</a> online in the journal Icarus this week, in a paper co-authored with Matthew Walker of the Planetary <keyword id="11896083" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="science" source="Orion">Science</keyword> Institute in Arizona.</p><p>It's still no guarantee of a secret Mimas ocean. Researchers need to investigate the moon for further evidence.</p><p>"The work doesn't prove that there is a subsurface ocean on Mimas, but it does show that an ocean is perfectly consistent with the available data and our understanding of the physics, and the authors are appropriately cautious about this," Michael Bland, a space scientist who studies icy worlds at the US Geological Survey, and previously spoke with Rhoden about the research, told Insider in an email. "I think the study also opens as many questions as it answers."</p><h2>Underground oceans on distant moons could mean alien life in our <keyword id="11910185" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="solar-system" source="Orion">solar system</keyword></h2><div type="image" title="illustration underwater robot studying deep-sea vents in alien ocean" height="525" width="700" msid="89050349" hostid="261"></div><p>Mimas's oscillation could indicate that Saturn's gravity stretches and relaxes the planet as it spins — similar to the moon's gravity pulling Earth's water back and forth during tides. This process could build up energy deep inside Mimas, which is released as heat, warming its internal ice and creating an underground ocean of liquid water.</p><p>Rhoden and Walker developed computer models to simulate that stretching process for Mimas, including how it would affect the stability of the moon's ice shell, and how that stretching fits in with Cassini's measurements of Mimas's oscillation. The model indicated that Saturn's tidal pull could maintain an ocean lying beneath 14 to 20 miles of ice on Mimas.</p><p>"This result is really intriguing because it implies that we can't tell which moons in the outer solar system may have subsurface oceans just from their surface geology," Bland said.</p><p>Some moons — like Jupiter's Europa and Saturn's Enceladus — have plumes of water shooting up from their internal oceans, through their surface ice, and into space. In 2020, scientists also discovered evidence of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-discovers-ocean-dwarf-planet-ceres-could-host-life-2020-8">an underground ocean on a dwarf planet called Ceres</a>, which orbits the sun between Mars and Jupiter. Salt deposits on Ceres's surface appear to have percolated up from liquid water below.</p><p>These ocean worlds could have deep-sea hydrothermal vents that produce energy for living organisms. Such vents serve as an energy source for life at the bottom Earth's oceans, where there is no sunlight. If Mimas has an ocean, it might be able to host such ecosystems, too.</p><div type="image" title="hydrothermal vent noaa oar nurp" height="1760" width="1183" msid="89050351" hostid="261"></div><p>But the study isn't enough evidence to prove that. If the researchers' models are off — if Mimas's ice cools faster than they assumed, for example — there may be no Mimas ocean at all. </p><p>"If the Cassini spacecraft had been able to fly closer to Mimas, it might have sensed a magnetic field generated by the Mimas ocean, which would be a direct confirmation that an ocean is present today," Steve Vance, who studies icy worlds at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, told Insider in an email. "Hopefully a future mission will be able to look for an ocean in Mimas."</p>

Saturn's 'Death Star' moon may have a secret ocean, revealing a new category of worlds that could host alien life

<ul class="summary-list"><li>New models suggest Saturn's gravity shredded a moon, Chrysalis, about 160 million years ago.</li><li>The ancient moon could explain two long-standing mysteries: Saturn's iconic rings and dramatic tilt.</li></ul><p>Scientists say a single moon could clear up two cosmic mysteries about <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saturns-death-star-moon-mimas-may-have-a-secret-ocean-2022-1">Saturn</a>.</p><p>When Galileo Galilei first peered at Saturn in 1610, the astronomer noted that the planet had what appeared to be "<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/revealing_saturns_rings.html#:~:text=When%20Galileo%20viewed%20Saturn%20through,rings%20through%20his%20small%20telescope.">ears</a>." They turned out to be <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/animation-saturn-rings-orbit-spin-faster-than-speed-of-sound-2021-3">Saturn's iconic rings</a>. How and when these rings formed have puzzled astronomers ever since.</p><p>Another Saturn mystery is its dramatic 27-degree tilt to one side. According to researchers, that tilt is too large to have formed when the gas giant did or to have been the result of collisions knocking the planet over. In comparison, Earth's tilt oscillates between <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Milankovitch/milankovitch_2.php#:~:text=Today%2C%20the%20Earth's%20axis%20is,know%20them%20can%20become%20exaggerated.">22.1 and 24.5 degrees</a>.</p><p>In a study published Thursday in the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn1234">journal Science</a>, researchers ran a series of simulations that suggest Saturn's rings and its unusual tilt might have formed 160 million years ago, when one of its icy moons destabilized and fell into a chaotic orbit around the planet. Eventually the moon — which researchers dubbed Chrysalis — got too close to the gas giant and was ripped apart.</p><p>The models are based on data from the final stage of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/time-cassini-will-be-destroyed-timeline-2017-9">NASA's Cassini mission,</a> which spent 13 years orbiting Saturn and its moons before plunging into the planet's atmosphere in 2017.</p><div type="image" title="On July 29, 2011, Cassini captured five of Saturn’s moons in a single frame." height="586" width="1041" msid="94253418" hostid="261"></div><p>Today, the giant's planetary system hosts 83 moons. Researchers think Chrysalis was probably about the size of Iapetus, Saturn's third-largest moon.</p><p>Researchers said about 99% of Chrysalis' remains plunged into Saturn's atmosphere, while the remaining 1% stayed in orbit, leaving a debris-strewn ring in its wake that formed the planet's iconic large rings. </p><p>"Just like a butterfly's chrysalis, this satellite was long dormant and suddenly became active, and the rings emerged," Jack Wisdom, lead author and professor of planetary sciences at MIT, said in a <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/964471?">statement</a>.</p><div type="image" title="Saturn’s rings display their subtle colors in this view captured on Aug. 22, 2009, by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft." height="1038" width="1041" msid="94253419" hostid="261"></div><p>Planetary scientists have long suspected Saturn's tilt may have come from gravitational interactions with <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/neptunes-big-storm-is-disappearing-hubble-telescope-images-show-2018-2">Neptune</a>. To glean information about the planet's tilt, researchers used simulations to calculate Saturn's moment of inertia, which relates to how much force was needed to tip the planet on its side. They found that while Saturn may have once been gravitationally in sync with Neptune, something changed about 160 million years ago, which removed Saturn from Neptune's influence.</p><p>"Then we went hunting for ways of getting Saturn out of Neptune's resonance," Wisdom said. Resonance occurs when two celestial bodies keep realigning after a certain number of orbits. They theorized that an ancient moon, Chrysalis, could have kept Saturn under Neptune's influence until it disintegrated, allowing Saturn to move just out of resonance with Neptune. </p><p>Wisdom stressed that more data will be necessary to see if the theory holds up. "It's a pretty good story, but like any other result, it will have to be examined by others," Wisdom said. He added that the small moon appears to have acted as a butterfly in the chrysalis phase, with its rings emerging once it was ripped apart by Saturn's gravity.</p>

Saturn's gravitational pull shredded an ancient moon, creating its iconic rings and unusual tilt, new research suggests

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Astronomers using the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-james-webb-space-telescope-best-images-2023">James Webb Space Telescope</a> discovered evidence of an aurora on a brown dwarf.</li><li>Typically, a key ingredient to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/second-giant-coronal-hole-sun-solar-winds-space-weather-aurora-2023-3">produce aurora is high-energy particles from a star</a>.</li></ul><p>NEW ORLEANS — When astronomer Jackie Faherty peered into space using information from the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/new-james-webb-telescope-image-spiral-barred-galaxy-2023-6">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, there was something she couldn't take her eyes off of.</p><p>Brown dwarf W1935, a world larger than <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/amateur-astronomer-video-jupiter-bright-fireball-comet-asteroid-impact-2023-9">Jupiter</a> drifting alone in open space about 47 light-years from Earth, was letting off a methane signature unlike anything ever seen before.</p><p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/james-webb-space-telescope-discovers-smallest-brown-dwarf-2023-12"><u>Brown dwarfs</u></a> are some of the most unusual and mysterious objects in space. They form like stars but don't grow massive enough to generate their own energy via <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/zap-energy-fusion-power-plant-z-pinch-2023-12"><u>nuclear fusion</u></a> in their cores. For this reason, experts sometimes call them "failed stars."</p><div type="image" title="Illustration of a brown dwarf with red aurora at its north pole." height="1152" width="2048" msid="107092364" hostid="261" sizebytes="59502"></div><p>The astronomers expected to see <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mystery-siberia-exploding-craters-may-have-finally-been-solved-methane-2024-1">methane gas</a> in the atmospheres of the brown dwarfs they were studying, but they didn't expect that any of the objects would actually emit methane.</p><p>The methane emission in the data "was like a pebble in a shoe. I couldn't get rid of it. I could only focus on this one feature," Faherty, who works at the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-the-american-museum-of-natural-history-2015-9"><u>American Museum of Natural History</u></a>, said in a presentation at the 243rd meeting of the American Astronomical Society.</p><div type="image" title="Spectra of a brown dwarf showing an unusual methane emission." height="1227" width="1920" msid="107092365" hostid="261" sizebytes="75576"></div><p>It's the first time such a methane fingerprint has appeared on a brown dwarf, Faherty said.</p><p>"For your typical brown dwarf just traversing the galaxy in solitude, your brown dwarf is very mysterious. It does not want to give away any of its secrets," said Austin Rothermich, a graduate student at the City University of New York, who presented other research on brown dwarfs at the conference.</p><p>But that methane hint may have given away one of this brown dwarf's biggest secrets: a volcanically active moon in its orbit.</p><h2>Jupiter and Saturn offer clues</h2><div type="image" title="Image of aurora on Jupiter." height="2040" width="2048" msid="107092367" hostid="261" sizebytes="76592"></div><p>It turns out methane emissions, similar to those observed on W1935, are also found on Jupiter and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spokes-saturn-more-to-come-nasa-hubble-mysterious-observations-2023-12"><u>Saturn</u></a>.</p><p>On those two planets, the methane emissions are linked to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/aurora-night-sky-phenomena-steve-new-research-2023-12">aurora</a> <strong>— </strong>the dancing lights that appear when charged particles from the sun interact with the planets' magnetic fields and atmospheres.</p><p>On Earth, the aurora is also called <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/northern-lights-sky-friday-us-solar-winds-giant-hole-sun-2023-3">the northern lights</a>.</p><p>Faherty and her team concluded that this unusual brown dwarf likely hosts aurora, too.</p><div type="image" title="ribbons of green pink purple northern lights stretch across the night sky above homes and lights of a sprawling town" height="1500" width="2250" msid="107092368" hostid="261" sizebytes="106064"></div><p>But the mystery didn't end there.</p><p>Typically, to produce an aurora you need <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eruption-coronal-mass-ejection-geomagnetic-storm-earth-aurora-friday-2023-11">a nearby star</a>. But there is no nearby star to W1935. So what was supplying the high-energy particles to power its aurora?</p><div type="image" title="Solar Wind" height="360" width="640" msid="107092371" hostid="261" sizebytes="42846"></div><p>Faherty and her team suspected a different kind of companion could be at work:<strong> </strong>an active moon.</p><p>Both Jupiter and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spokes-saturn-more-to-come-nasa-hubble-mysterious-observations-2023-12">Saturn</a> have active moons that regularly eject material into space. Jupiter's moon Io erupts lava material into space while Saturn's Enceladus ejects geysers. Both types of material contribute to the two planets' auroras, and that's what could be happening with W1935, too.</p><p>"That does not mean that we're declaring that we have found an active moon, but it's one of the explanations," Faherty said.</p><p>Other possible solutions the team is exploring include free-floating matter in space, called <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-finds-signs-of-possible-aurorae-on-isolated-brown-dwarf/"><u>interstellar plasma</u></a>.</p><p>Whatever the reason may be, it takes <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/james-webb-space-telescope-spots-oldest-black-hole-yet-mystery-2024-1"><u>very sensitive tools</u></a> to detect brown dwarfs in the first place. So arriving at these conclusions would not have been possible without Webb, Faherty said.</p><p>"I don't think I emphasized this enough, these are so stinking faint. So faint. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-james-webb-telescope-question-mark-space-galaxies-colliding-2023-8">JWST</a> was an absolute requirement to measure this," Faherty said.</p>

James Webb Space Telescope reveals one of the most mysterious worlds in the universe might have a volcanic moon 

One or two of <keyword id="53195" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="uranus" source="Orion">Uranus</keyword>' 27 moons - <keyword id="113077" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="ariel" source="Orion">Ariel</keyword> and/or Miranda - likely have oceans beneath their icy surfaces and are actively spewing material into the space environment, according to a study by <keyword id="6360409" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="nasa" source="Orion">NASA</keyword>.<br /><br />Previously, Jupiter, Saturn and <keyword id="175328" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="neptune" source="Orion">Neptune</keyword> were found as hosts to at least one icy moon that's pumping particles into its planetary system.<br /><br />In the study led by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Maryland, US, researchers reanalysed nearly 40-year-old energetic particle and magnetic field data taken by NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft -- the only spacecraft so far to have gone to Uranus.<br /><br />They found a trapped population of energetic particles the spacecraft had observed while departing Uranus -- the turquoise, tilted oddball of the solar system.<br /><br />"What was interesting was that these particles were so extremely confined near Uranus' magnetic equator," said lead author Ian <keyword id="281505" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="cohen" source="Orion">Cohen</keyword>, a space scientist at APL.<br /><br />Magnetic waves within the system would normally cause them to spread out in latitude, he explained, but these particles were all cramped near the equator between the moons Ariel and Miranda.<br /><br />Scientists originally attributed these features to Voyager 2's possibly having flown through a chance stream of plasma being "injected" from the distant tail of the planet's magnetosphere. But that explanation doesn't hold, Cohen said. "An injection would normally have a much broader spread of particles than what was observed."<br /><br />The team suspects the particles arise from Ariel and/or Miranda through either a vapour plume similar to that seen on Enceladus or through sputtering -- a process where high-energy particles hit a surface, ejecting other particles into space.<br /><br />Yet scientists have already suspected Uranus' five largest moons -- Ariel and Miranda included -- may have subsurface oceans. Voyager 2 images of both moons show physical signs of geologic resurfacing, including possible eruptions of water that froze on the surface.<br /><br />"The data are consistent with the very exciting potential of there being an active ocean moon there," Cohen said. "We can always do more comprehensive modelling, but until we have new data, the conclusion will always be limited."<br /><br />The findings, recently accepted for publication in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, were also presented at the annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in the US.<br /><br /><b>SEE ALSO:<br /></b><a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/finance/banks/news/indian-banks-better-placed-than-their-us-peers-due-to-attractive-valuations-and-stickier-deposits/articleshow/98859627.cms"><strong>Indian banks better placed than their US peers due to attractive valuations and stickier deposits</strong></a><b><u><strong><br /></strong></u></b><a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/bank-of-baroda-backed-indiafirst-life-insurance-gets-sebi-nod-to-launch-ipo/articleshow/98859682.cms"><strong>Bank of Baroda-backed IndiaFirst Life Insurance gets SEBI nod to launch IPO</strong></a><b><br /></b>

Two of Uranus' Moons may have active oceans: NASA study

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saturns-death-star-moon-mimas-may-have-a-secret-ocean-2022-1">Saturn's</a> rate of rotation eluded <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spooky-spinning-object-in-our-galactic-backyard-stumps-astronomers-2022-1">astronomers</a> for decades, because its <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/earth-core-lopsided-growing-faster-on-one-side-2021-6">magnetic field</a> kept <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-hubble-portraits-jupiter-saturn-uranus-neptune-changing-weather-colors-2021-11">changing</a>.</li><li>A new study solved the mystery: Winds at the planet's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ancient-arctic-sea-sponges-survive-by-eating-worm-fossils-2022-2">north pole</a> are dragging its magnetic field.</li></ul><p>Powerful winds at <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saturn-hubble-photo-reveals-summer-winter-storms-2020-7">Saturn's</a> north pole are fueling its <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/space-lava-from-moon-volcanoes-creates-jupiters-powerful-aurora-lights-2022-2">aurora lights</a> and throwing off scientists' measurements, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/vanishing-radio-signals-mystery-objects-in-milky-way-galaxy-center-2022-1">astronomers</a> have discovered.</p><p>The winds, which cycle through two enormous vortexes at the planet's north pole, carry electrically charged ions that drag the planet's magnetic field. The phenomenon, a mystery until now, prevented scientists from measuring the length of a day on <keyword id="12593808" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="saturn" source="Orion">Saturn</keyword> for decades.</p><p>Since clouds move on their own, looking at a gas planet from afar won't tell you how fast it spins. Scientists instead measure the magnetic field, which is rooted deep in the planet's core. But when <keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="nasa" source="Orion">NASA</keyword>'s <keyword id="13007169" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="cassini" source="Orion">Cassini</keyword> probe reached Saturn in 2004, scientists were surprised to find that the rate of radio pulses from the planet's magnetic field had changed since NASA's Voyager 2 mission flew past it in 1981.</p><p>"The magnetic field and radio emissions from it usually act like a lighthouse," meaning the radio bursts come in regular pulses, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/astronomer-animations-reveal-solar-system-physics-2021-10">James O'Donoghue</a>, a planetary scientist at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and coauthor on the new study, told Insider.</p><div type="image" title="saturn north pole spinning twin vortexes animation" height="360" width="640" msid="89462706" hostid="261"></div><p>"For Saturn, this rotation period has weirdly drifted over time, confusing the heck out of everyone," he added. "Even weirder, the rotation period of the planet has drifted independently in the north and the south."</p><p>It was unlikely that Saturn was spinning at different speeds during different seasons, or that its northern half was spinning at a different speed than its southern half. But something had to be dragging on the magnetic field between Saturn's surface and the NASA spacecraft.</p><p>During <a href="https://le.ac.uk/news/2022/february/saturn-aurorae">late-night discussions</a>, scientists tossed around theories. Maybe Saturn's magnetic field slowed down as it passed through lava and gasses erupting from volcanoes on its moon Enceladus. Or maybe the thick methane atmosphere of the moon Titan — or Saturn's rings themselves — could be the culprits.</p><p>All those theories turned out to be wrong. Electrically charged <keyword id="11986030" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="wind" source="Orion">wind</keyword> was fueling Saturn's auroras and dragging its magnetic field all along, according to the new <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GL096492">study</a>, which was published in the February issue of the Geophysical Research Letters.</p><h2>Saturn has the first wind-driven <keyword id="12189643" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="aurora" source="Orion">aurora</keyword> borealis</h2><div type="image" title="saturn" height="1110" width="1480" msid="89462707" hostid="261"></div><p>Scientists eventually figured out how to measure Saturn's spin without the help of its magnetic field. They studied slight changes in the gravitational pull the planet exerts on its rings. In 2019, they determined that Saturn rotates every 10 hours, 33 minutes, and 38 seconds.</p><p>But the mystery of the changing magnetic field remained.</p><p>While scientists had previously theorized that a powerful double-vortex polar weather pattern could be the culprit behind Saturn's moving magnetic lines, the new study is the first evidence supporting the idea.</p><p>To test the theory, University of Leicester researchers studied Saturn's aurora from Hawaii's Keck Observatory throughout the summer of 2017, using infrared light. Most <keyword id="11910186" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="planets" source="Orion">planets</keyword>, including Earth, get their auroras from electrically charged particles in space — either from the sun or from nearby <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/space-lava-from-moon-volcanoes-creates-jupiters-powerful-aurora-lights-2022-2">moon volcanoes</a>. Those particles get captured by the planet's magnetic field and channeled toward the poles, where they interact with gases in the atmosphere to create colorful dancing lights.</p><p>In Saturn's case, winds in the upper atmosphere, laden with electrically charged ions, are creating some of that interaction. The researchers tracked the movements of a hydrogen ion in the planet's upper atmosphere and found it was moving in twin vortexes — exactly as the weather-pattern theory predicted.</p><p>"This new paper finally shows what the bug was," O'Donoghue said.</p>

Astronomers discover whirling electric winds at Saturn's north pole, solving a decades-old NASA mystery

<ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-hubble-space-telescope-offline-mystery-glitch-2021-11">NASA's Hubble Space Telescope</a> snaps annual portraits of the largest <keyword id="11910186" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="planets" source="Orion">planets</keyword> in our <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/astronomer-animations-reveal-solar-system-physics-2021-10">solar system</a>.</li><li>This year's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-astronaut-thomas-pesquet-gorgeous-photos-from-space-2021-11">stunning photos</a> of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/hubble-space-telescope-wind-changes-jupiter-great-red-spot-2021-9">Jupiter</a>, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/animation-saturn-rings-orbit-spin-faster-than-speed-of-sound-2021-3">Saturn</a>, <keyword id="12593809" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="uranus" source="Orion">Uranus</keyword>, and <keyword id="11909523" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="neptune" source="Orion">Neptune</keyword> show changing weather and colors.</li></ul><p>It's school picture day for our <keyword id="11910185" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="solar-system" source="Orion">solar system</keyword>'s distant planets. Every year, <keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="nasa" source="Orion">NASA</keyword>'s <keyword id="12189758" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="hubble-space-telescope" source="Orion">Hubble Space Telescope</keyword> spends a few days shooting photos of <keyword id="11949137" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="jupiter" source="Orion">Jupiter</keyword>, <keyword id="12593808" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="saturn" source="Orion">Saturn</keyword>, Uranus, and Neptune, and this year's portraits don't disappoint. The images capture mysterious changes in the planets' weather and colors — both exciting scientists and sometimes leaving them scratching their heads.</p><p>Hubble, which launched into Earth's orbit in 1990, is the world's most powerful space telescope. It has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-hubble-space-telescope-photos-nebula-galaxies-universe-2021-6">photographed</a> the births and deaths of stars, spotted new moons circling Pluto, and tracked interstellar objects zipping through our solar system. Its observations have allowed astronomers to calculate the age and expansion of the universe and to peer at galaxies formed shortly after the Big Bang.</p><p>Hubble's portraits, published by NASA on Thursday, depict visible changes in each planet's atmosphere. These outer worlds continually morph as tumultuous bands of gases and gargantuan storms rise, fall, change color, and reverse directions over months or years. The latest images, shot by Hubble in September and October, capture those changes in real time.</p><p>Planetary scientist Michael Wong said he loves how dynamic the distant planets are. </p><p>There can be different, but equally good explanations behind those atmospheric changes, Wong, who studies Hubble data on outer planets at the University of California, Berkeley, told Insider in an email.</p><h2>Hubble spots new storms and changing seasons across the solar system</h2><div type="image" title="hubble telescope in space above earth clouds" height="1528" width="2038" msid="87874825" hostid="261"></div><p>The telescope's sharp bright portrait of Jupiter revealed a series of new storms in the planet's northern hemisphere.</p><p>Since 2018, Jupiter's equator has darkened to a deep orange hue, visible in the newest portrait. The planet's middle belt is usually white or beige, but this is not the first time the Jovian equator's color has shifted.</p><p>"We think this may all be part of a climate cycle on Jupiter that repeats every six to eight years," Wong said. "Equatorial reddening events typically last three years."</p><div type="image" title="arrows shows the new storms on a picture of Jupiter on 2021 taken by Hubble telescope." height="1000" width="2000" msid="87874826" hostid="261"></div><p>As in previous years, Hubble's Jupiter portrait captures its <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jupiter-great-red-spot-depth-nasa-juno-2021-10">Great Red Spot</a> in vibrant color. The spot, a raging storm that astronomers have observed on Jupiter for about 200 years, is up to<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jupiter-great-red-spot-depth-nasa-juno-2021-10"> 310 miles deep</a>, according to measurements that NASA's Jupiter-orbiting <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-video-juno-spacecraft-jupiter-largest-moon-ganymede-2021-7">Juno</a> spacecraft took in 2019.</p><p>Saturn's colorful bands pop against the blackness of space. Peeking from below its rings, the planet's southern hemisphere appears blue, indicating that it was winter in the south when the photo was taken.</p><div type="image" title="saturn hubble portrait 2021" height="1085" width="1447" msid="87874827" hostid="261"></div><p>The image also captured four of Saturn's 82 moons. Those pictured — Tethys, Mimas, Enceladus, and Dione — are among its largest satellites.</p><div type="image" title="saturn hubble portrait 2021 annotated to circle and label small moons" height="1087" width="1802" msid="87874828" hostid="261"></div><p>Because Uranus and Neptune are much farther from Earth than Saturn or Jupiter, their portraits are less crisp. But scientists can still see interesting, sometimes puzzling, changes in their atmospheres.</p><p>Uranus's northern polar region appeared to be brightening in its springtime, when the northern region receives more UV radiation from the sun.</p><div type="image" title="uranus hubble portrait 2021" height="487" width="650" msid="87874830" hostid="261"></div><p>Although scientists don't fully understand Uranus's seasonal brightening, researchers are studying it. The shift in color may be related to changes in Uranus's atmospheric flow or the concentration of methane in the air.</p><p>Neptune's northern regions, on the other hand, are darkening in its 2021 portrait. The solar system's bluest marble appears to be growing even bluer.</p><p>Neptune's signature storm, the Dark Spot, appears on the upper left side of the planet's snapshot. It's not yet clear what makes Neptune's dark areas so dark.</p><p>"We are working on a paper suggesting that some of these planet-encircling dark areas are related to the dark spots somehow. But other dark areas may not be related, so it's uncertain," Wong said.</p><div type="image" title="neptune hubble portrait 2021" height="487" width="650" msid="87874831" hostid="261"></div><p>Last year, Hubble data revealed that the Dark Spot, which is wider than the Atlantic Ocean, had abruptly switched directions. It was inching south, where Neptune's biggest storms go to die, but suddenly changed course and moved north again in August 2020. Scientists aren't sure why that is.</p><p>"A lot of these questions could be answered by actually sending probes to the giant planets and making measurements inside the atmosphere," Wong said. "However, NASA's budget is limited, so even a single probe most likely would not have all the instruments needed to really measure cloud particles in detail."</p><p>Private space companies with bigger budgets haven't shown much interest in exploring the outer planets. SpaceX and its competitor Blue Origin — which flew founder Jeff Bezos to the edge of space in July — are aiming to build human settlements closer to Earth.</p><p>"I think Jeff Bezos' personal net worth of $200-plus billion would be enough to send 20 to 50 atmospheric entry probes EACH to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Instead, our nation has only been able to afford one probe to Jupiter," Wong said, adding, "We are trying to answer as much as we can with the data available to us."</p>

NASA's Hubble Space Telescope captured photos of cyclones, changing colors, and seasons on 4 distant planets

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>NAS/JPL-Caltech</span></p><p class="caption">A photograph of Enceladus, an icy moon of Saturn, taken by NASA's Cassini probe.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/enceladus-habitable-ocean-age-millions-billions-years-2017-11">Water on Saturn's moon Enceladus</a> contains organic compounds - the building blocks of amino acids that make up DNA and formed the foundations of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/exoplanets-recently-discovered-best-chance-alien-life-2019-9">life</a> on Earth.</li><li>Data from <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/nasa">NASA's</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/closest-saturn-images-from-nasas-cassini-spacecraft-2017-9">Cassini</a> mission revealed that these nitrogen and oxygen compounds are present in plumes of liquid water that shoot into space from the salty <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/earth-water-ice-volume-versus-planets-moons-2016-11">ocean</a> below Enceladus's surface. </li><li>Scientists' suspect that such compounds could undergo chemical reactions near <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saturn-encealdus-hydrothermal-vent-aliens-2017-4">deep-sea hydrothermal vents</a> on Enceladus, which could lead to life.</li><li>A previous discovery <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/enceladus-moon-ocean-water-organic-molecules-2018-6">found other complex organics</a> on the icy moon, but they appeared to have floated on the ocean surface rather than dissolving in the water.  </li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul><p>Scientists just found the most basic ingredients for life bursting from an ocean on Saturn's moon Enceladus.</p><p>A new analysis of NASA data reveals the presence of organic compounds in the plumes of liquid water that shoot into space from the ocean below Enceladus's icy crust. </p><p>These compounds, which carry nitrogen and oxygen, play a key role in producing amino acids ⁠- complex molecules that serve as the building blocks of proteins. Without proteins, life as we know it on Earth couldn't exist.</p><p>Scientists have long suspected that the ocean below Enceladus's surface could harbor the ingredients for life. Researchers had detected other organic molecules coming from the icy moon before, but this is the first time anyone has detected them dissolved in the water. That's critical, since it means the compounds could undergo deep-sea chemical reactions that produce amino acids.</p><p>These <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/489/4/5231/5573821">findings</a> were published Wednesday in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.</p><p>"This work shows that Enceladus' ocean has reactive building blocks in abundance, and it's another green light in the investigation of the habitability of Enceladus," Frank Postberg, a co-author of the study, said in a <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2019-197">press release</a>.</p><h2>In deep-sea vents, these compounds could create life</h2><p>On Enceladus, jets of ocean water and ice regularly shoot out into space through warm cracks in the moon's crust. The NASA scientists behind the new study analyzed data on the chemical composition of those plumes, and found several new organic compounds, some containing nitrogen and some containing oxygen.</p><p>These compounds were dissolved in the ocean water below Enceladus's surface. They then evaporated with the surface water, condensed, and froze into the moon's icy crust, according to the study. The plumes blew the compounds into space, where NASA's Cassini spacecraft sensed them as it flew nearby.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>NASA/JPL-Caltech</span></p><p class="caption">An illustration of a submersible robot exploring the subsurface ocean of an icy moon.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>The compounds are yet another sign that Enceladus might have its own version of a process that creates life on Earth.</p><p>Deep in Earth's oceans, seawater mixes with magma that bubbles up through cracks in the ocean floor. That interaction produces smoky <a href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/vents.html">hydrothermal vents</a> that can get as hot as 700 degrees Fahrenheit. The vents spew hydrogen-rich hot water, fueling chemical reactions that transform organic compounds into amino acids. Those amino acids can then stack onto each other like Legos to form proteins, which are crucial for replicating the genetic information that creates life.</p><p>This process allows life to develop without the assistance of sunlight. That's important because Enceladus's ice surface is highly reflective and sends what little sunlight the moon receives back into space. Any life there would have to develop in the dark.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA20013">NASA/JPL-Caltech</a></span></p><p class="caption">Enceladus hides a warm, salty ocean that may be habitable to alien life.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>Scientists believe that potential hydrothermal vents in the subsurface ocean on Enceladus might work similarly to those on Earth. </p><p>"If the conditions are right, these molecules coming from the deep ocean of Enceladus could be on the same reaction pathway as we see here on Earth," Nozair Khawaja, who led the research team behind the latest discovery, said in a release. "We don't yet know if amino acids are needed for life beyond Earth, but finding the molecules that form amino acids is an important piece of the puzzle." </p><p>Last year, the team <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7174">discovered</a> similar organic molecules from the same data. But the molecules were not water-soluble; the researchers believe that they sat on the surface of the Enceladus ocean.</p><p>Such compounds would need to dissolve into ocean water in order to interact with hydrothermal vents and produce life. Until now, scientists weren't sure if organic compounds on Enceladus did that.</p><p>"Here we are finding smaller and soluble organic building blocks - potential precursors for amino acids and other ingredients required for life on Earth," Jon Hillier, another co-author of the study, said in the release.</p><h2>More to learn from NASA's Cassini data</h2><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Thomson Reuters</span></p><p class="caption">A NASA illustration shows its Cassini spacecraft above Saturn's northern hemisphere prior to making one of its Grand Finale dives.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>The data scientists used to arrive at both of these findings came from NASA's Cassini mission. The probe launched in 1997 and spent 13 years exploring Saturn and its moons. In September 2017, the mission ended when scientists intentionally sent the spacecraft plummeting into Saturn. They did this to avoid contaminating Enceladus or Titan, another nearby moon that could also harbor life, with Earthly microbes.</p><p>Cassini discovered that Enceladus conceals a global ocean of liquid saltwater below its surface, and photographed jets of that water shooting into space. The probe flew through those plumes and collected data about their composition in 2008.</p><p>Scientists plan to continue studying that and other data collected by Cassini for decades to come. </p><p>NASA also plans to send a probe to Saturn's moon Titan, which is another a prime target in the search for alien life because of its own abundant organic compounds. That mission is set to launch a nuclear-powered helicopter called Dragonfly toward Titan  in 2026. The spacecraft is expected to arrive at Titan in 2034, then start hunting for signs of life.</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-discovers-first-food-source-potential-aliens-saturn-moon-enceladus-2017-4">NASA just discovered the first food source for potential aliens</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div>

You Searched For "saturn moons" and got 10 results

NASA's Webb Telescope spots a water plume twice the length of the US, spewing from a Saturn moon that could host alien life

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NASA to probe Uranus, aims to examine Saturn's moon that could support life

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Two of Uranus' Moons may have active oceans: NASA study

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