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China's army of migrant workers, a source of cheap labour in the world's second biggest economy, is greying and becoming less mobile, according to the latest annual survey conducted by the Chinese government. A report published by National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) on Monday showed that China had 288.36 million migrant workers at the end of 2018, a rise of 0.6 per cent from a year earlier. However, these migrant workers have become less willing to travel far from home to look for work, with many inland governments encouraging them to return home to start their own businesses. The National Development and Reform Commission, the country's top economic planner, issued a policy last year asking local authorities to offer grants to migrant workers returning home - but this is only part of the story. Government officials have said that China's slowing economy, which has resulted in a spate of factory closures, may have accelerated the return home of migrant workers. The survey also found that China's migrant workers <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2155366/chinas-ageing-population-problem-worsens-birth-and" target="_self">are growing older</a>. More than 22.4 per cent of migrant workers are now aged over 50, a rise of 1.1 percentage points from a year ago and 5.3 percentage points higher than five years earlier. As workers grew older, they tend to stay closer to home, the survey found. The average age for migrant workers taking local jobs was 44.9 years old, much older than the average age of 35.2 years for those working further from home. The proportion of migrant workers aged between 16 to 30, meanwhile, has fallen significantly for five consecutive years. Unlike their predecessors, the younger generation of workers tend to dislike traditional factory or construction site jobs. The survey showed that 115.7 million migrant workers took local non-farming jobs without actually leaving their hometown. By NBS' classification, these workers still count as migrant. Meanwhile, 172.7 million left their homes to take jobs elsewhere. Among the 172.7 million who actually migrated, fewer are leaving their home provinces, with a 810,000 decline in the number of workers leaving their home province in 2018. The survey showed that an additional 1.62 million migrant workers took jobs within their home provinces. Zeng Yande, an official from the ministry of agriculture, said last November that around 7.4 million migrant workers returned to places near their hometowns, with some analysts suggesting that this could be due to factory closures in coastal areas, which forced migrant workers to return to their rural homes. Qiu Xiaopping, a deputy minister of human resources and social security, said in January that some Chinese migrant workers had lost their jobs due to China's economic slowdown, another factor in their return home. As a result, the number of migrant workers in the <keyword id="300342" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Pearl-River-Delta">Pearl River Delta</keyword>, the manufacturing and export heartland in China's south, fell by 1.86 million last year, to 45.36 million. The <a href="https://www.scmp.com/podcasts/article/2187970/inside-china-migrant-workers-and-alliance-beijing-drifters" target="_self">number of migrant workers</a> in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, another industrial heartland, also dropped last year, by 270,000, the survey showed. While the survey does not provide any reason for the drop, <keyword id="1333" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Beijing">Beijing</keyword>'s less friendly policy towards migrant workers and <keyword id="100927" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Tianjin">Tianjin</keyword>'s sluggish economy may have persuaded some migrant workers to leave. In 2018, the proportion of migrant workers engaged in the tertiary industry was 50.5 per cent, an increase of 2.5 percentage points over the previous year. The number of migrant workers in the manufacturing sector fell by 2 per cent, while those in construction dropped 0.3 per cent. The average salary for <keyword id="198578" type="POSITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="migrant-worker">migrant worker</keyword>s was 3,721 yuan (US$553) last year, which was an increase of 6.8 per cent on 2017. However, there was a big disparity between the developed eastern region and the less developed northeastern provinces in terms of the rise in salary. In the prosperous east, the average migrant worker saw their salary rise by 7.6 per cent, compared to just 1.4 per cent in the northeast, considered to <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/china-economy/article/2162065/chinas-ailing-rust-belt-struggles-shake-reliance-state" target="_self">be China's rust belt</a>. This article originally appeared on the <a href="http://www.scmp.com">South China Morning Post (SCMP)</a>, the leading news media reporting on China and Asia. For more stories, please download our <a href="https://go.onelink.me/3586748601?pid=3rdpartycontentexchange">mobile app</a>, follow us on <a href="https://twitter.com/scmpnews">Twitter</a>, and like us on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/scmp">Facebook</a>. Copyright (c) 2019. South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved.

China's army of migrant workers is becoming older and less mobile, new government data shows

Migrants workers are rushing out of Russia&#xa0;in huge numbers because of the weaker ruble.
"Yes, migrant workers are leaving Russia. More than 25% of migrant workers are planning to leave Russia and work elsewhere after the new year," the head of the Russian Federation Migrants, Mohammad Amin said, according to <a href="according%20to%20NewsRu.">NewsRu</a>. 
He added that it's specifically the migrant workers that are leaving, while those that are living and working illegally are staying in the country.
The head of the "Tajik Migrant Workers" Karomat Sharipov noted that many Tajik workers in Russia have high-interest rate loans in dollars back home, the report said. So now that the ruble is weaker, the workers will need to find work elsewhere&#xa0;in order to pay off those loans.
And there's also a secondary reason why foreign workers are leaving Russia: Starting January 1, migrant workers will be required to take a new exam about Russian culture, history, and legislation according to&#xa0;NewsRu.
The problem here is that the mandatory exam will cost 30,000 rubles, which is just way too expensive for most migrant workers - especially now that the ruble is weaker.
From the larger perspective, the fact that migrant workers are starting to bolt could lead to a huge demographic change for Russia.
Russia has seen troves of foreign workers moving into the country in recent years.&#xa0;In fact, the country saw the second-largest number of international <a href="http://esa.un.org/unmigration/documents/The_number_of_international_migrants.pdf">migrants in 2013</a>&#xa0;(behind only the US.)
Many migrant workers have been moving to Russia in order to look for opportunities. Since the country has&#xa0;been&#xa0;<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/russia-brain-drain-putin-ukraine-crimea-2014-12">experiencing a major brain drain</a>&#xa0;in recent years, increasingly better opportunities have been opening up across the board.
Overall, the Russian population and workforce could be seeing some drastic changes soon.
<a title_source="Elena Holodny/Business Insider" title_caption="" class="zoomin" href="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/547c91c1ecad04251db2c11c-960/immigration%20emigration%20russia.jpg"></a>Elena Holodny/Business Insider

Russia's Migrant Workers Are Leaving

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Workers on temporary work <keyword id="12229793" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="visas" source="Orion">visas</keyword> are subject to abuse and wage theft at the hands of their employers. </li><li>As a <keyword id="12229791" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="daca" source="Orion">DACA</keyword> recipient, I'm all too familiar with living under the threat of anti-immigrant litigation.</li><li>The Senate must pass a package to make permanent <keyword id="11940510" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="immigration" source="Orion">immigration</keyword> status for all a reality.</li><li>Mari Perales Sánchez is senior policy manager and Elizabeth Memorial Advocate for Migrant Worker Women at Centro de los Derechos del Migrante, Inc. </li><li>This is an <keyword id="11905565" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="opinion" source="Orion">opinion</keyword> column. The thoughts expressed are those of the author. </li></ul>I immigrated to the US to reunite with my family when I was 8, so I have lived most of my life as an undocumented woman. Growing up here in America, I watched my relatives and other immigrant community members work under hazardous conditions with few protections. Their drive and sacrifices have always played a motivating role in my passion for social justice.Undocumented immigrants like myself were unnerved but not defeated by the Senate parliamentarian's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/senate-parliamentrian-blocks-immigration-reform-in-35-trillion-bill-2021-9">ruling</a> against including a pathway to citizenship in the new budget reconciliation bill. Right now, the world is watching as lawmakers such as Sen. Bob Menendez of New Jersey prepare <a href="https://about.bgov.com/news/immigration-alternatives-lined-up-if-democrats-plan-b-fails/">alternative pathways</a> and continue to fight for a pathway to citizenship and permanent legal status for millions of immigrants. If an immigration package passes, this legislation will fundamentally improve the livelihoods of millions of members of my community.As an advocate and directly impacted person who understands the many barriers removed by being able to access a permanent immigration status, I must demand that this bill covers as many members of my community as possible - including the thousands of essential <keyword id="12229792" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="migrant-workers" source="Orion">migrant workers</keyword> who come to the US on temporary visas.<h2>Without additional protections, many essential migrant workers are being exploited by employers </h2>In 2017, I joined my alma mater in <a href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/politics/bs-md-pol-perales-sanchez-daca-20191106-yfrhuvln3vcqpbb6yrgsluhfaa-story.html">suing</a> the Trump administration for rescinding the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program. While the Supreme Court sided with us and reinstated the program for thousands of immigrants, temporary status is far from enough. The same is true for the migrant workers on H-2 visas who work as farmworkers, landscapers, seafood processors, and in construction. In my role managing the policy area and gender equity projects at Centro de los Derechos del Migrante, a binational migrant workers organization, I see how H-2 workers are exposed to severe and abusive conditions every day: from extortion, coercion, and wage theft to sexual harassment and discrimination.For this group of essential workers, a pathway to citizenship would provide an urgently needed arm of defense in the many structurally flawed labor migration programs where a worker's immigration status and employment are tied to a single employer, creating a deep power-imbalance between employer and worker.During the pandemic, health and safety violations <a href="https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/maryland/2020/09/13/covid-19-sickens-50-crab-pickers-advocates-say-protections-lacking/5678694002/">skyrocketed</a> in seafood processing plants across the country where migrant workers worked, while the <a href="https://cdmigrante.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Breaking-The-Shell.pdf">few existing legal protections</a> ceased to be enforced. When migrant workers speak out, their employers retaliate and workers risk being fired and deported to their country of origin. I saw this happen to two Louisiana H-2B crawfish workers from Mexico, Maribel and Reyna, whose employer fired them after they sought medical treatment for COVID-19. They returned to Mexico as a result.<h2><keyword id="11893699" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="congress" source="Orion">Congress</keyword> must pass an inclusive immigration package </h2>But a pathway to permanent immigration status for essential H-2 migrant workers means more than improved labor standards. Most migrant workers are practically barred from migrating with their families and children - regardless of how many years they have been coming to the US - causing unconscionable, seasons-long separations between families each year.Last spring I had an emotional conversation with a Mexican woman who is an H-2B crab picker in Maryland and the bread-winner in her family. She was terrified she would never see her children again if she caught COVID-19, or that she would infect her family if she traveled back. A dignified immigration solution, like the one we advocate for, would enable migrant workers like her to migrate with their loved ones and as part of families - preventing their separation.Adversaries may side with the parliamentarian, but they are overlooking the fact that immigrant and migrant communities will not give up. Last summer, after months of mobilization, we watched a conservative Supreme Court deliver a positive DACA decision when many presumed the worst. Now, a year later, due to extensive organizing, Senate leadership is exhausting as many avenues as possible, including returning to the parliamentarian with <a href="https://about.bgov.com/news/immigration-alternatives-lined-up-if-democrats-plan-b-fails/">alternative immigration proposals</a>.As a DACA recipient, I'm all too familiar with the alternative: living in the limbo of temporary status at best, or under the threat of anti-immigrant litigation and at the mercy of the courts at worst. We cannot tolerate this option for H-2 workers and other essential workers like those in my family. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer must include them in the immigration bills.We have done our part: Immigrants' rights activists, leaders, and allies have ensured that an inclusive pathway to citizenship is on the table. Now it's time for our policymakers to stop at nothing to deliver on their promises, including a permanent immigration status for all.

As a DACA-protected immigrant, I know just how dire the need is for a pathway to citizenship. Congress has no excuse for not taking action.

You Searched For "migrant workers" and got 3 results

China's army of migrant workers is becoming older and less mobile, new government data shows

SCMP

Russia's Migrant Workers Are Leaving

Elena Holodny

As a DACA-protected immigrant, I know just how dire the need is for a pathway to citizenship. Congress has no excuse for not taking action.

Mari Perales Sánchez

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