<p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/577363e5dd0895585b8b47ea-964/gettyimages-515094682.jpg" alt="Nicola Sturgeon celebrating" data-mce-source="Jeff J Mitchell / Getty"><p class="source"><span>Jeff J Mitchell / Getty</span></p><p class="caption">Scotland leader Nicola Sturgeon is a 'canny' politician who would not promise something she could not deliver, according to Dr Catterall.</p></img></div><p></p></div></div>Scotland is very unlikely to get another independence referendum, says&#xa0;<a href="https://www.westminster.ac.uk/about-us/our-people/directory/catterall-peter-paul" target="_blank">constitutional expert</a> Dr. Peter Catterall of Westminster University.<p>This is because it would be hugely "messy" on a political level and because the Scottish economy simply cannot handle a secession right now, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/BusinessInsiderUK/videos/2043314372560929/?pnref=story" target="_blank">he told Business Insider's Lianna Brinded in a Facebook Live interview.</a></p><p>In 2014, 55% of Scots voted to stay in the <keyword id="6354868" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="UK">UK</keyword> while 45% pipped for independence.</p><p>However, since Scotland&#xa0;<span>overwhelmingly voted to remain in the EU referendum (62%), but Britain as a whole voted for a Brexit,&#xa0;</span>Scottish National Party leader Nicola Sturgeon has been gunning for another independence referendum.</p><p>Dr Catterall did say, however, that Scottish National Party leader Nicola Sturgeon was extremely "canny," and that she was the only politician who had risen to level the events demanded in the wake of the Brexit chaos - which saw Prime Minister David Cameron resign on Friday and both of the UK's main political parties scramble to secure their positions.</p><p>Here are the main problems with a Scottish independence referendum:</p><h2><strong>Westminster may not even allow it</strong></h2><p>First things first: Scotland may have its own parliament, but to hold a national referendum it still needs permission from Westminster in London. <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/events/scotland-decides/results" target="_blank">Over 55% of the country voted to stay in the UK in the last independence referendum in 2014</a>, undoubtedly a healthy margin which surprised expectations.</p><p>But following a decisive Scottish vote to remain in the EU, the post-Brexit anger in Scotland could be enough to make Westminster politicians think twice about allowing another independent Scotland vote. And there is no constitutional obligation for the UK government to allow it to happen, Dr. Catterall says:</p><p style="padding-left: 30px;">"The argument the UK government may put forward is that it needs to approve a second Scottish referendum <strong>and could, in theory, withhold the consent</strong>. When the Americans wanted independence in 1776 they did it by violence. We don't want that - we want to follow constitutional procedure. The question then becomes, how far do you push against the inevitable?</p><p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Nicola Sturgeon - said she would advise Scottish parliament to vote against leave resolutions. That is in her right to do so. Scotland voted solidly against Leave, so it's unreasonable for her to&#xa0;do&#xa0;anything else. <strong>Democratic rule says we have to respect the will of the people, but what people? The British people? The English people? The Scottish people?</strong>"</p><p>Dr. Catterall adds that while Sturgeon is being smart about how she plays post-Brexit <keyword id="6358883" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Politics">politics</keyword>, the EU may also have problems with an independent Scotland joining:</p><p style="padding-left: 30px;">"Sturgeon is the only politician who comes across as someone with a plan. She's sending out a signal to the Scottish people - we hear what you have said - and she's sending out a message to Westminster and Brussels. <strong>There is also a risk that EU members, particularly the Spanish, would not like to see Scotland succeed because areas like Catalonia may follow suit.</strong>"</p><h2><strong>Scotland's economy cannot handle independence</strong></h2><p>Another consideration is that Scotland might not even be able to afford to be independent right now - and Nicola Sturgeon almost certainly knows it. As Dr. Catterall says:</p><p style="padding-left: 30px;">"[Scotland's] economy has moved since 2014's independence referendum. The oil price has changed, the exposure of major Scottish banks has become even worse as we've seen with the RBS share price recently, so I suspect that what Sturgeon is doing is exploratory talks. She's a cautious, canny politician. I was struck by the way she got Alex Salmond, rather than herself, to work the TV studios and make the noises. This gives her plausible deniability. <strong>Unlike Boris Johnson, she is unlikely to say something she doesn't think she can deliver on.</strong>"</p><p>Scotland's claim to North Sea oil was major factor in the pro-independence campaigners' manifesto, but <a href="http://www.investing.com/commodities/brent-oil" target="_blank">oil has more than halved in value in the last year and a half</a>, as has <a href="http://www.investing.com/equities/royal-bank-of-scotland" target="_blank">the share prices of RBS</a> which had to be rescued by the British government after the 2008 financial crash - further complicating any talk of Scottish secession.</p><p>Scotland's economy has grown far more slowly than the rest of the UK as a whole since the last recession, the Guardian notes, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/may/04/scottish-economy-grows-far-more-slowly-than-uk-as-a-whole" target="_blank">with just a </a><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/may/04/scottish-economy-grows-far-more-slowly-than-uk-as-a-whole" target="_blank">4% GDP growth compared to the UK economy as a whole which grew 23% in cash terms</a>. This is not the picture of a country ready to go it alone, even with the EU membership it already enjoys.</p><h2><strong>Agreeing on what kind of independence Scotland gets will be almost impossible</strong></h2><p>Even if Scotland could get an independence referendum, the manner of that independence is going to be really hard to agree on- much like the headache Westminster is having at the moment trying to figure out the Brexit. As Dr. Catterall makes clear, the EU already has a few examples of members with non-standardised&#xa0;arrangements, and finding one that suits the majority will be tough:</p><p style="padding-left: 30px;">"There are a number of halfway houses. Take Denmark: it is in the EU, but two parts of Denmark - Greenland and the Faroe Islands - are not in the EU. Is this a model for Scotland? The answer is: nobody quite knows. It will be a matter for politics. What we do know is that it worked for Denmark and even Germany getting the East half in around the time of reunification, so it's certainly not impossible to conceive an asymmetric UK in which a semi-autonomous Scotland is in the EU and rest of mainland Britain isn't. <strong>But in practice, it would be very messy to establish.</strong>"</p><p>Two major things Scotland will have to decide before another independence referendum is whether to join the Euro currency - maybe not a bad idea <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/sterling-price-on-tuesday-june-28-2016-post-brexit-eu-referendum-6" target="_blank">after the pound just got annihilated</a> - and the little matter of joining the Schengen agreement, <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13194723" target="_blank">a treaty which effectively abolished border checks for member nations</a>.</p><p>Whatever Scotland decides, the signs currently suggest it wants to keep its EU option open. Alyn Smith begged the European Parliament this morning to "not let Scotland down," making it clear that whether it gets its unlikely independence referendum or not, it still sides with Europe:</p><p><div><blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en"><p>"Do not let Scotland down" - standing ovation for <a href="https://twitter.com/AlynSmithMEP">@AlynSmithMEP</a> at European parliament  <a href="https://t.co/slOCKdAHcp">https://t.co/slOCKdAHcp</a> <a href="https://t.co/D7NdG5QHUy">https://t.co/D7NdG5QHUy</a></p>- BBC News (UK)  (@BBCNews) <a href="https://twitter.com/mims/statuses/747732058248732672">June 28, 2016</a></blockquote><script async="" src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></div></p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/best-time-rent-apartment-us-cities-renthop-2016-6">The best and worst months to rent an apartment in major US cities</a></h3>        <div>            <div>    <script src="http://player.ooyala.com/v3/6e12e8b3387a44daacfb73afba25a76e"></script>    <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="43ankyNDE66UsoZpyT_zFFRF7ttuSOdY" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>    <script>    if (typeof RunFunctions === 'undefined') { var RunFunctions = []; }     RunFunctions.push(function()    {         var ooyalapopvideo = OO.Player.create('ooyalaplayer_popvideo', '43ankyNDE66UsoZpyT_zFFRF7ttuSOdY',{ autoplay: 'false' });     });    </script>    <noscript><div>Please enable Javascript to watch this video</div></noscript></div>        </div>        <script>(function() { function createPlayer() { OO.ready(function() { RunFunctions.forEach(function(ooyalaFunction) { ooyalaFunction(); }); RunFunctions = [];}); } createPlayer(); }()); </script>    </div>

This is why Scotland will not get another independence referendum

Jay-Z and Kendrick Lamar lead with the most 2018 Grammy nominations - here's the complete list of nominees

<p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/56f01ecf52bcd01a008b7a5e-1280-835/letter%20from%20iwo%20jima%20dub%20dubbing%20brothers.jpg" alt="Letter from Iwo Jima Dub Dubbing Brothers" data-mce-source="Dubbing Brothers"><p class="source"><span>Dubbing Brothers</span></p></img></div><p></p></div></div>That trailer you can't stop watching used it. One of Disney's most memorable songs did it. And it's in almost every movie you see on TV or on an airplane.<p>You've probably&#xa0;never heard of voice matching before, but it's one of Hollywood's oldest and most useful tricks.</p><p>Like stunt doubles or digital retouching, voice matching - also known&#xa0;as "voice double" or "sound-alike" - is a tool the movie business uses to conjure the fantasy we imagine in our heads.&#xa0;It's a process whereby voiceover artists are hired in postproduction&#xa0;to come in and double for the voice of a star. And if the voice match is done right, you'll never know that a line of dialogue actually came from someone other than the actor you see on-screen.</p><p>It often happens when an actor is already working on another movie and can't come in to do the ADR session (additional dialogue replacement), which takes places months after filming. And there are some stars who simply hate doing ADR, even adding clauses refusing to do it in their contracts.&#xa0;There's good reason for that: ADR is quite challenging.</p><p>When a movie or TV show is in postproduction, all sound has to be mixed for the footage that's being used in editing.&#xa0;If dialogue can't be heard because of noise on the set or a mic&#xa0;<span>malfunction,</span>&#xa0;the actor must come in for ADR sessions to rerecord the dialogue. (Actors are also asked to come in to do "clean versions" of movies, dubbing over curse words with words that will be suitable for TV or airplanes.)</p><p>But the lines must be delivered with the exact tone that was used on-set. If you were out of breath then, you have to sound that way again.</p><p>"There are those actors who hate to do ADR," supervising sound editor/rerecording mixer Michael J. Fox told Business Insider. Fox has been overseeing voice matching since the late 1990s.&#xa0;"They are far removed from what they did on-set, there's no one to play off of, you can't get back in the headspace you were in. They are often like, 'Fine, voice-match it, totally fine with that.'"</p><p>But some big stars are happy to do it.&#xa0;Fox recalls Meryl Streep coming in to do her ADR for the film "August Osage County," and Matt Damon and Ben Affleck showed up to do it for "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back." Fox remembers asking Damon why he was doing it, and the actor's answer was simple: "I'll do anything for Kevin Smith," referring to the film's director.</p><p>But some stars can't stand the process. Fox handled ADR for the indie "<a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0304638/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1" target="_blank">Rolling Kansas,</a>" starring Thomas Haden Church. The actor was so baffled by having to voice clean audio that he decided to just say whatever was in his head.</p><p>"If the original line was 'bulls---,' he would replace it with 'peanut butter and jelly,'" Fox said. "It was funny. The TV version was just ridiculous."</p><h2>Two voice actors who pretend to be&#xa0;Cameron Diaz<span>&#xa0;and Owen Wilson</span></h2><p>Married couple <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1219018/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1" target="_blank">Jessica Gee-George</a> and <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1324897/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1" target="_blank">Grant George</a> are veteran voice over actors who have voice-matched everyone from Cate Blanchett to Owen Wilson over the years.</p><p>They say the process usually begins with an email from a postproduction supervisor about the actor they'd match and how many lines they'd do. Sometimes they simply agree to the job if the supervisor knows they can do it. Otherwise they audition for the voice match, sending out a file they recorded at home.</p><p>If they get it, the job is usually no longer than a four-hour day. They record in a studio with the footage in front of them on a big screen. The director often walks them through the lines, ranging from screaming for hours to saying a couple lines that got garbled. The work is often needed for action scenes.</p><p>"Whether it's a fighting scene or it's a close-up of someone breathing, the actors don't come back for that type of work," Gee-George said, noting that she did Cameron Diaz's screams and gasps in the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xohWvO9i4c" target="_blank">car-crash scene</a> in 2001's "Vanilla Sky."</p><p></p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/56f0269b910584cc5e8b7933-760-387/vanilla%20sky%20crash.gif" alt="vanilla sky crash" data-mce-source="YouTube/Paramount Pictures"><p class="source"><span>YouTube/Paramount Pictures</span></p></img></div><p></p></div></div><p>The recent trend, however, is voice-matching in trailers for big films that kick off publicity over a year before release. Studios will rush to get out small teasers without any audio ready for the footage they want to use. That's when the voiceover artists get a call.</p><p><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">"They often need a nice, clean line of dialogue," George said. "Sometimes they even use our voices as a temp for when they send the trailers for approval to the studio." &#xa0;</span></p><h2><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">When a dead actor needs to be brought back to life</span></h2><p>Voice matching also comes up when an actor is deceased. <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0822812/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1" target="_blank">Stephen Stanton</a> is a go-to guy when a film, TV show, or video game needs the voice of an actor who is no longer with us.</p><p>He's currently the voice of Peter Cushing as Grand Moff Tarkin in "Star Wars Rebels" and Alec Guinness as Obi-Wan Kenobi in numerous "Star Wars" games. He was also the voice of film critic Roger Ebert in the documentary "Life Itself," after Ebert passed away during filming, and legendary horse-racing announcer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_Anderson" target="_blank">Chic Anderson</a> in the movie "<a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1028576/?ref_=nv_sr_1" target="_blank">Secretariat.</a>"</p><p><div><iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Y9ptP0gdRrQ" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div></p><p class="embed-spacer">"This is not about being an impressionist," Stanton told BI of voice matching. "You're all of a sudden being put into the position of being the lead actor in that film for a day, so you've got to get into the actor's head and into the script."</p><p>You also have to be able to match up perfectly with the lips on-screen,&#xa0;which goes a lot further than just getting the vocal tone right. And Stanton, who boasts being able to do over 200 voices on the spot (<a href="http://www.stephenstanton.com/voicematch.html" target="_blank">here are some of them</a>), says you have to be ready to work at a moment's notice.</p><p>"Sometimes a trailer house needs you in 10 minutes. They are in a real crunch," he said. "They are putting something together and it has to get to the studio for approval. There's no real rehearsal with something like that - you can either do the voice or you can't."</p><h2>The legendary actor who didn't do his own voice on a "Lion King" song</h2><p>There's no better example of 11th-hour voice matching than&#xa0;<a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0191906/?ref_=nv_sr_1" target="_blank">Jim Cummings</a>' work on "The Lion King."</p><p>The voiceover actor remembers hanging around the studio one day when he was summoned by Tim Rice and Elton John. They were in the process of mixing a song for the Disney classic, specifically "Be Prepared," performed by the film's villain Scar, voiced by Jeremy Irons.</p><p><div><iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Dmt45BF5SOM" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div></p><p>"They wanted me to take a crack at doing the song," Cummings told BI. "As one of them put it to me, Irons singing sounded like 'You could hear every Marlboro the man has ever smoked in his life.'"</p><p>Cummings had been the lead singer for The California Raisins, the animated musical group, during their heyday in&#xa0;the late 1980s. And he's been the voice of&#xa0;<span>Disney's Winnie the Pooh and Tigger since 1987, among many others.</span></p><p>Though he had never done Irons' voice before, with only eight days before the premiere of "The Lion King" in theaters, Rice and John needed someone with a better singing voice, but who could still sound like Irons.</p><p>"The way I saw it, if I stink, we're going to know pretty quick," Cummings said. "So I did it, and apparently I nailed it."</p><p>But there was still one last hurdle to cross. Then-head of Disney's animation studio, Jeffrey Katzenberg, had to sign off on the performance.</p><p>"They went in and played the song," Cummings said. "And Jeffrey was like, 'That sounds great, it's fantastic. I thought you guys were worried Jeremy [Irons] wasn't going to be able to pull it off.' And they were like, 'So you like it, Jeffrey?' Like four times they asked him, and he's like, 'It's great,' and then they said, 'Great. By the way, it's not Jeremy.' And Jeffery was like, 'What?!' And they explained what had to be done and me coming in and he was like, 'I still like it.'"</p><p>In fact, Cummings has also filled in on songs for&#xa0;Christopher Lloyd in "Anastasia," <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0575184/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t6" target="_blank">Russell Means</a> in "Pocahontas," and Danny DeVito in "Hercules."</p><p>"It's a tough thing when you're in the studio with a guy who's really talented and he's a great actor, but he just can't sing," Cummings said. "It can be frustrating for everyone. But voice actors are character actors, and that's just what they sound like. It's the character first and the voice second, because you have to be true to the character and flesh him out and make him real."</p><h2>Working in the shadows</h2><p>"It's a profession that's right in front of your face, but you don't see it," Cummings said of voice-matching work.</p><p>The actors&#xa0;are rarely credited for their work, and if they are, it's usually with an "additional voice" credit.</p><p>"It's a facet of the illusion of movie and TV making," Grant said. "It's like when people are shocked a scene was shot on a sound stage instead of in a house."</p><p>Though voice-matching gigs are fairly regular, it's hard to make a living on them. They pay from a union scale of about $900 to somewhere in the four-figure range for a day's work. That's regardless of whether the voice is used, and it is used, the voice actor also gets residuals on the project.</p><p>Often a voice-matching artist won't know if they can be heard in the movie until they see it themselves and try to catch where their performance is.</p><p>Though it's a job that these performers will hardly ever get any recognition for, everyone interviewed for this story said they are doing their dream job, and love the fact that almost no one knows what's going on behind the curtain.</p><p>"I don't think audiences know this is going on at all, and that's the whole point of it," Stanton said of voice matching. "If everyone is doing their job well, this is done very seamlessly, and no one is aware that it's happening, and that's all part of movie magic. You don't want to take people out of it."</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/kate-middleton-charity-shop-2016-3">Kate Middleton opened a shop for charity</a></h3>        <div>            <div>    <script src="http://player.ooyala.com/v3/6e12e8b3387a44daacfb73afba25a76e"></script>    <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="M0YmU1MjE6C-3Evo1BaLvfuX1HxIGHpw" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>    <script>    if (typeof RunFunctions === 'undefined') { var RunFunctions = []; }     RunFunctions.push(function()    {         var ooyalapopvideo = OO.Player.create('ooyalaplayer_popvideo', 'M0YmU1MjE6C-3Evo1BaLvfuX1HxIGHpw',{ autoplay: 'false' });     });    </script>    <noscript><div>Please enable Javascript to watch this video</div></noscript></div>        </div>        <script>(function() { function createPlayer() { OO.ready(function() { RunFunctions.forEach(function(ooyalaFunction) { ooyalaFunction(); }); RunFunctions = [];}); } createPlayer(); }()); </script>    </div>

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This is why Scotland will not get another independence referendum

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