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<ul><li><keyword id="10053839" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="harvey-j-alter">Harvey J Alter</keyword>, <keyword id="1605226" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Michael-Houghton">Michael Houghton</keyword>, and <keyword id="10053838" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="charles-m-rice">Charles M Rice</keyword> won the 2020 Nobel Prize in the field of medicine for discovering Hepatitis C virus. </li><li>The Nobel Assembly, composed of 50 voting members, will also announce awards for research in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, and economics in the coming days. </li></ul> The Nobel Prize week has kicked off amid the coronavirus pandemic with the first of the awards going jointly to Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice “for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus.”According to the Nobel Assembly, these three scientists have contributed significantly in fighting blood-borne hepatitis, a major global health problem that causes cirrhosis and liver cancer. “The methodical studies of transfusion-associated hepatitis by 2020 Medicine Laureate Harvey J. Alter demonstrated that an unknown virus was a common cause of chronic hepatitis. Michael Houghton – awarded the 2020 NobelPrize in Physiology or Medicine – used an untested strategy to isolate the genome of the new virus that was named Hepatitis C virus. This year’s Medicine Laureate Charles M. Rice provided the final evidence showing that Hepatitis C virus alone could cause hepatitis,” the Nobel Assembly said. <div type="twitter" handle="NobelPrize" handlename="The Nobel Prize" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1029729528548139009/fVPd0EwX_normal.jpg" favoritecount="569" retweetcount="635" status="BREAKING NEWS: The 2020 #NobelPrize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded jointly to Harvey J. Alter, Michael… https://t.co/fzchOMYudC" createdat="1601890372000" id="1313049505802194945"></div> In addition to the award and the prestige that comes with it, the winner also gets a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor ($1.18 million) The Nobel Assembly, composed of 50 voting members, will also announce awards for research in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, and economics in the coming days. <table style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; width: 468pt; table-layout: fixed;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Nobel Prize category </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Award Declaration Date </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Physiology or Medicine </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">October 5 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Physics </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">October 6 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Chemistry </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">October 7 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Literature </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">October 8 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Peace </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">October 9 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Economic Sciences </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">October 12 </td></tr></tbody></table> Headquartered at the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden's capital city, Stockholm, the Nobel Assembly recognises scientists who have laid down the stepping stones for practical applications of scientific principles in everyday life. The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine Last year, British scientist Peter Ratcliffe and Americans William Kaelin and Gregg Semenza were <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/health-49959737">awarded </a>the Nobel Prize for discovering how cells sense and adapt oxygen levels in the human body. Between 1901 and 2019, about 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded. The youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize for Medicine was Frederick Banting in 1923 for the discovery of insulin when he was just 32 years old. Another notable winner is Tu Youyou, who won the award in 2015 for developing a new malarial drug called Artemisinin from a traditional Chinese medicine. In the exercise of developing the drug, Youyou tested it on herself to speed up the process and ended up saving the lives of millions. <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/maharashtra-government-to-soon-take-a-decision-on-reopening-places-of-worship-says-shiv-sena-mp-sanjay-raut/articleshow/78490177.cms">Maharashtra government to soon take a decision on reopening places of worship, says Shiv Sena MP Sanjay Raut</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/checkout-upcoming-new-cars-in-october-2020-in-india-mg-gloster-audi-q2-land-rover-defender-in-list/slidelist/78489874.cms">Upcoming car launches in October— BMW 2 Series, MG Gloster, Audi Q2, Land Rover Defender, and more</a>

Harvey J Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles M Rice jointly win the 2020 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus

Vodafone Group Plc on Monday said that its lenders have given their consent for the merger of <keyword id="6375231" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="indus-towers">Indus Towers</keyword> and Bharti Infratel. On September 1, Vodafone Group had announced that it had agreed to proceed with the proposed merger. "The agreement to proceed was conditional on consent for a security package for the benefit of the Combined Company (the "Security Package") from Vodafone's existing lenders (for the Euro 1.3 billion loan utilised to fund Vodafone's contribution to <keyword id="9830239" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-vodafone-idea-ltd">the Vodafone Idea Ltd</keyword> rights issue in 2019). This consent has now been received," the company said in a statement on Monday. The parties will now approach <keyword id="4195801" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="the-national-company-law-tribunal">the National Company Law Tribunal</keyword> to make the merger scheme effective. The parties are working to complete the transaction expeditiously, it added. SEE ALSO:<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/harvey-j-alter-michael-houghton-and-charles-m-rice-jointly-wins-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-medicine/articleshow/78490602.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink"> Harvey J Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles M Rice jointly win the 2020 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/the-indian-air-force-is-ready-for-a-two-front-war-with-china-and-pakistan-says-air-chief-marshal-rks-bhadauria/articleshow/78488605.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink">The Indian Air Force is ready for a two-front war, says Air Chief Marshal RKS Bhadauria</a>

Vodafone gets lenders' nod for Indus Towers-Bharti Infratel merger

<ul><li>CLAT 2020, the entrance exam to enter 22 national law universities in India, was conducted on September 28. </li><li>Candidates waiting for <keyword id="10051960" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="CLAT-2020-result">CLAT 2020 result</keyword> can access the scores on the official website at <a href="http://consortiumofnlus.ac.in.">consortiumofnlus.ac.in.</a> </li><li>Those who pass the examination will be eligible for the counselling and admission process of National Law University. </li></ul>The Consortium of National Law Universities is expected to announce the Common <keyword id="7701444" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Law-admission-test">Law Admission Test</keyword> (CLAT) 2020 results today, 5 October 2020. Candidates waiting for the CLAT 2020 result can access the scores on the official website. How to check CLAT 2020 result — <ol><li>Go to CLAT’s official website at <a href="http://clat.ac.in">clat.ac.in</a> or visit <a href="http://consortiumofnlus.ac.in">consortiumofnlus.ac.in</a></li><li>Select CLAT 2020 on the home page. </li><li>Log in using your mobile number and password. </li><li>You will be able to view your result on the screen. </li><li>Download and print it for future reference. </li></ol>CLAT 2020, the entrance exam to enter 22 national law universities in India, was conducted on September 28. It was initially scheduled in May 2020 but has been postponed multiple times due to COVID-19. Those who pass the examination will be eligible for the counselling and admission process of National Law University. The counselling process will begin from October 9 and will last till October 15. Candidates will have to pay a ₹50,000 counselling fee to participate in the counselling process before October 7. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/harvey-j-alter-michael-houghton-and-charles-m-rice-jointly-wins-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-medicine/articleshow/78490602.cms">Harvey J Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles M Rice jointly win the 2020 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/steel-companies-hike-prices-by-2000-per-tonne-on-improving-demand-outlook/articleshow/78489461.cms">Steel companies hike prices by ₹2,000 per tonne on improving demand outlook</a>

CLAT 2020 results will be declared today, counselling to begin on October 9 — Here’s how to check the scorecard

<ul><li>The <keyword id="10066833" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="2020-nobel-prize-for-chemistry">2020 Nobel Prize for Chemistry</keyword> has been awarded to <keyword id="4893578" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Emmanuelle-Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</keyword> and <keyword id="10066834" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="jennifer-a">Jennifer A</keyword>. Doudna for developing the method for genome editing. </li><li>So far, the Nobel Assembly has awarded the <keyword id="52659" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="nobel-prize">Nobel Prize</keyword> to 183 individuals between 1901 and 2018. </li><li>The <keyword id="10053921" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="2020-Nobel-Prize">2020 Nobel Prize</keyword> week began on Monday, October 5. </li></ul>The winners of the 2020 Nobel Prize for chemistry are Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna for developing the method for genome editing. Charpentier and Doudna’s genetic scissors has great potential use cases in altering the DNAs of organisms with great precisions – which is huge for experiments in medicine. <div type="twitter" handle="NobelPrize" handlename="The Nobel Prize" image="http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1029729528548139009/fVPd0EwX_normal.jpg" favoritecount="366" retweetcount="247" status="When #NobelPrize laureates Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna investigated the immune system of a Streptoco… https://t.co/o7RRTAkbJo" createdat="1602064211000" id="1313778641122324480"></div> “Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudnahave discovered one of gene technology’s sharpest tools: the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors. Using these, researchers can change the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with extremely high precision. This technology has had a revolutionary impact on the life sciences, is contributing to new cancer therapies and may make the dream of curing inherited diseases come true,” <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2020/10/press-chemistryprize2020.pdf">Nobel Assembly said. </a> The award honours the work of scientists and researchers which have practical applications in wide use today. Last year, Akira Yoshino won the 2019 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the development of lithium-ion batteries. So far, the Nobel Assembly has awarded the Nobel Prize to 183 individuals between 1901 and 2018 for their contributions in the field of chemistry, including the likes of Marie Curie and British biochemist Frederick Sanger. The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and prize money of 10 million kronor (over $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left more than a century ago by the prize's creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The amount was increased recently to adjust for inflation. A panel at the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm announced the recipient. The 2020 Nobel Prize week began on Monday, October 5. The Nobel Committee awarded the prize for physiology and medicine to Americans Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice and British-born scientist Michael Houghton for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus. On Tuesday, the Nobel prize for Physics went to Roger Penrose of Britain, Reinhard Genzel of Germany, and Andrea Ghez of the United States for their breakthroughs in understanding the mysteries of cosmic black holes. <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/every-one-in-ten-people-in-the-world-has-covid-19-says-who/articleshow/78531962.cms">Every one in ten people in the world has COVID-19, says WHO</a>

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna win the prestigious award for genome editing

<ul><li>The <keyword id="10053784" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nobel-prize-2020">Nobel Prize 2020</keyword> in Economic Sciences has been awarded to US-based economists Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson. </li><li>Milgrom and Wilson were chosen ‘for improvements to auction theory and inventions for new auction formats,’ according to the Nobel Assembly. </li><li>They are the 52nd winner of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. </li></ul>This year’s Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences has been awarded to Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson ‘for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats’. Both Milgrom and Wilson are from the US. “They will receive their awards before the end of the year and will be invited to Stockholm the next time we can celebrate Nobel with its traditional festivities,” said Guran K. Hansson while announcing the award. This includes a gold medal and prize money amounting to 10 million kronor (around $1.1 million). Today, auctions are used in a variety of ways — including the allocation of public resources. For instance, auctions are used to decide the prices of electricity and emission allowances. The youngest laureate to win the Nobel Prize in the Economic Sciences is Esther Duflo, who won the award at the age of 46 last year for her ‘experimental approach to alleviating global poverty’. Nobel Prizes 2020 The 2020 Nobel Prize week began on Monday, October 5. The Nobel Committee awarded the prize for physiology and medicine to Americans Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice and British-born scientist Michael Houghton for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus. The Nobel Prize for Physics went to Roger Penrose of Britain, Reinhard Genzel of Germany, and Andrea Ghez of the United States for their breakthroughs in understanding the mysteries of cosmic black holes. The following day, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing the method for genome editing. The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to American poet Louise Gluck ‘for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal.’ SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/china-launches-earth-observation-satellite-amid-border-tensions-with-india/articleshow/78613147.cms">China launches Earth observation satellite amid border tensions with India</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/massive-power-cut-reported-across-mumbai-discom-points-finger-at-tatas/articleshow/78613787.cms">Massive power cut across Mumbai due to grid failure —electricity restored in certain areas</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/policy/economy/news/sitharaman-offers-states-12000-crore-interest-free-for-the-next-50-years-if-they-can-spend-it-on-capital-projects-by-march-2021/articleshow/78616741.cms">Sitharaman offers states ₹12,000 crore interest-free for the next 50 years if they can spend it on capital projects by March 2021</a>

Nobel Prize 2020 in Economics goes to Paul R Milgrom and Robert B Wilson

<ul><li>The American poet is the latest recipient of the <keyword id="444815" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nobel-Prize-in-Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</keyword>.</li><li>The Nobel Assembly chose her for the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature ‘for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal’.</li><li>Glück is already the recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Pulitzer Prize in 1993 and the National Book Award in 2014.</li></ul>American poet Louise Glück has won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal,”<a href="https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status/1314158757711171584"> said the Nobel Assembly. </a> Glück was born 1943 in New York and currently lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She is a professor of English at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. She made her writing debut in 1968 with Firstborn and was soon acclaimed as one of the most prominent poets in American contemporary literature. Glück is already the recipient of several prestigious awards, including the Pulitzer Prize in 1993 and the National Book Award in 2014. So far, she has published 12 collections of poetry and some essays. “The works by 2020 Literature Laureate Louise Glück are characterized by a striving for clarity. Childhood and family life, the close relationship with parents and siblings, is a thematic that has remained central with her,” the Nobel Assembly Noted. The Nobel Prize honours authors who contribute their finest work in the field of literature and the recipients are chosen by a panel at the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and prize money of 10 million kronor (over $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left more than a century ago by the creator of the awards, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The amount was increased recently to adjust for inflation. Last year, the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Peter Handke, "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience." Nobel Prizes 2020 The 2020 Nobel Prize week began on Monday, October 5. The Nobel Committee awarded the<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/harvey-j-alter-michael-houghton-and-charles-m-rice-jointly-wins-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-medicine/articleshow/78490602.cms"> prize for physiology and medicine</a> to Americans Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice and British-born scientist Michael Houghton for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus. On Tuesday, the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/research/news/nobel-prize-in-physics-2020-goes-to-roger-penrose-reinhard-genzel-and-andrea-ghez/articleshow/78512414.cms">Nobel prize for Physics</a> went to Roger Penrose of Britain, Reinhard Genzel of Germany, and Andrea Ghez of the United States for their breakthroughs in understanding the mysteries of cosmic black holes. And on Wednesday October 7, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna won<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/the-2020-nobel-prize-for-chemistry-has-been-awarded-to-emmanuelle-charpentier-and-jennifer-a/articleshow/78532557.cms"> the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing the method for genome editing.</a> SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/paytm-announces-a-10-crore-fund-vijay-shekhar-sharma-says-he-is-targeting-at-least-one-million-mini-apps/articleshow/78551762.cms">Paytm announces a ₹10 crore fund for developers – Vijay Shekhar Sharma says he is targeting ‘at least one million mini apps’</a>

American poet Louise Glück wins the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The 2020 <keyword id="52659" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="60" keywordseo="nobel-prize">Nobel Prize</keyword> for <keyword id="44641" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="medicine">Medicine</keyword> went to three scientists who discovered the <keyword id="10860" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="Virus">virus</keyword> that causes <keyword id="61391" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Hepatitis-C">hepatitis C</keyword>, an infection that can lead to liver damage and cancer.</li><li>There are 71 million cases of chronic hepatitis C every year, according to WHO. The scientists' discoveries have largely prevented the spread of hepatitis C through blood transfusions.</li></ul>Three scientists, two from the United States and one from the UK, have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovering the virus the causes the infection hepatitis C.Harvey J. Alter, Charles M. Rice, and Michael Houghton jointly won the prize for their individual research on the virus, which has led to more than <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c">71 million global chronic infections</a>, according to the World <keyword id="6354750" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="health">Health</keyword> Organization. Chronic hepatitis C infections often lead to liver cancer or cirrhosis (a <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cirrhosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351487#:~:text=Cirrhosis%20is%20a%20late%20stage,it%20tries%20to%20repair%20itself.">scarring of the liver</a>), and 400,000 people died in 2016 due to these hepatitis C-related effects.But the Nobel Prize-winning scientists' discoveries helped other scientists pinpoint prevention and treatment, subsequently lowering the number of these life-threatening instances compared to case numbers in 1960s."It's long overdue. Hep C arguably has caused just as much, if not more deaths, than the current coronavirus pandemic. It was a major problem and this [work] was an enormous step forward," Gilbert Thompson, professor emeritus of clinical lipidology at Imperial College London, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/05/health/nobel-prize-2020-winner-medicine-scn-intl/index.html">told CNN</a>.The three winners split 10 million Swedish kronor, or about $1.07 million, for their award.<h2>Four decades of research</h2>Over the course of four decades, Alter, Rice, and Houghton each contributed important findings that resulted in their 2020 win.In 1977, Alter, a researcher at National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, found hepatitis C (though it didn't have that name at the time) was <a href="https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/16/3/928.full.pdf">primarily transmitted through the blood</a> while experimenting on chimpanzees.Then, Houghton used genetic sequencing in the 1980s to determine <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/244/4902/359">hepatitis C was an infection of its own</a>, and different than the already-known hepatitis A and B viruses.In 1997, Rice conducted research on chimps, and found that the <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/277/5325/570">hepatitis C virus alone could cause a hepatitis C infection</a>, and no other viruses were involved.Together, these discoveries significantly reduced the number of hepatitis C infections spread through blood transfusions and infected needles, and led to the development of an antiviral treatments that can <a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/10/medicine-nobel-honors-three-scientists-discoveries-hepatitis-c-virus">cure 95% of people with the infection</a>, <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="science">Science</keyword> magazine reported.Still, <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2020/travel-related-infectious-diseases/hepatitis-c#:~:text=The%20prevalence%20is%20considerably%20higher,and%20eastern%20Asia%20(3.8%25%20in">infections rates remain high in countries</a> like Egypt, Syria, Pakistan, and Taiwan, where hepatitis C treatment is often too expensive.That's why next steps for research should be a vaccine, which has yet to be invented, Jens Bukh, a virologist at the University of Copenhagen who also studies hepatitis C, told Science magazine."Treatments are great, but they can't control the virus in poor regions. A vaccine is really needed to control this virus," Bukhs said.<h2>Lessons for the coronavirus pandemic</h2>The story behind this Nobel Prize and the research that still needs to be done for hepatitis C prevention and treatment parallels to current public-health concerns about the coronavirus pandemic, according to health experts.Though a vaccine could be in existence <a href="https://www.insider.com/coronavirus-vaccine-possible-november-surgeon-general-2020-9">as early as November</a>, it won't be universally administered for another year, and health experts say it won't be the golden ticket to ending the pandemic and a return to "normal.""It seems, to me, unlikely that a vaccine is an off-switch or a reset button where we will go back to pre-pandemic times," Yonatan Grad, an assistant professor of infectious diseases and immunology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/08/02/covid-vaccine/">told the Washington Post</a>.It could takes years for enough people to become vaccinated to put an end to the pandemic, and that's only if enough people agree to get vaccinated and supply of the vaccine doesn't run out."This is a stark reminder that our developing understanding of the transmission of COVID-19, and the possibilities on the horizon for vaccines and treatment, are not on their own enough to end this global-wide pandemic," Dr. Claire Bayntun, director of Global Leadership Programmes at the UK's Royal Society of Medicine, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/05/health/nobel-prize-2020-winner-medicine-scn-intl/index.html">told CNN</a>.<ul class="read-more-links"><li>Read more:</li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/people-believe-conspiracy-theories-if-they-are-detached-narcissistic-2020-10">People are more likely to believe conspiracy theories if they are anxious, detached, or narcissistic, researchers find</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/napping-more-than-1-hour-increased-risk-heart-disease-death-2020-8">Napping for more than an hour could be bad for your heart health, a study found</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/what-its-like-to-do-psychedelic-breathwork-meditation-2020-8">I tried meditation that mimics the effects of a psychedelic trip, and it made me realize I need to be kinder to myself</a></li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/how-to-talk-to-your-partner-about-vaccines-disagreements-2020-7">How to talk to your partner about vaccines if you don't agree</a></li></ul>

3 scientists have won the Nobel Prize for discovering the virus that causes hepatitis C

<ul><li>According to the Nobel Assembly, it has made a strong contribution towards mobilising UN Member States to combat the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict. </li><li>The World Food Programme is the world's largest humanitarian organization that promotes food security in over 88 countries in the world. </li><li>Between 1901 and 2019, the <keyword id="8954" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Nobel-Peace-Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</keyword> has been <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/">awarded </a>100 times to 134 Nobel Laureates, 107 individuals, and 27 organizations. </li></ul>World Food Programme has <a href="https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status/1314491291749801984">won </a>this year’s Nobel Peace Prize “for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict.” <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2020/press-release/?utm_source=twitter&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_campaign=2020_pea_announcement">According to the Nobel Assembly</a>, it has made a strong contribution towards mobilising UN Member States to combat the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict. The World Food Programme is the world's largest humanitarian organization that promotes food security in over 88 countries in the world. “The <keyword id="251991" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="WFP">WFP</keyword> has been awarded the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict,” the Nobel Assembly noted. The Nobel Prize <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/full-text-of-alfred-nobels-will-2/">honours </a>people who "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". A panel chooses the recipients in Oslo, Norway. Last year, the Nobel Prize in Peace was awarded to Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali "for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea." Between 1901 and 2019, the Nobel Peace Prize has been <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/">awarded </a>100 times to 134 Nobel Laureates, 107 individuals, and 27 organizations. The prestigious award comes with a gold medal and prize money of 10 million kronor (over $1.1 million), courtesy of a bequest left more than a century ago by the creator of the awards, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel. The amount was increased recently to adjust for inflation. Nobel Prizes 2020 The 2020 Nobel Prize week began on Monday, October 5. The Nobel Committee awarded the<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/harvey-j-alter-michael-houghton-and-charles-m-rice-jointly-wins-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-medicine/articleshow/78490602.cms"> prize for physiology and medicine</a> to Americans Harvey J. Alter and Charles M. Rice and British-born scientist Michael Houghton for discovering the liver-ravaging hepatitis C virus. On Tuesday, the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/research/news/nobel-prize-in-physics-2020-goes-to-roger-penrose-reinhard-genzel-and-andrea-ghez/articleshow/78512414.cms">Nobel prize for Physics</a> went to Roger Penrose of Britain, Reinhard Genzel of Germany, and Andrea Ghez of the United States for their breakthroughs in understanding the mysteries of cosmic black holes. And on Wednesday, October 7, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna won<a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/the-2020-nobel-prize-for-chemistry-has-been-awarded-to-emmanuelle-charpentier-and-jennifer-a/articleshow/78532557.cms"> the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing the method for genome editing.</a> On the fourth day of 2020 Nobel Prize week, American poet Louise Glück <a href="https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status/1314158757711171584">won </a>the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal,” SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/instagram-most-preferred-platform-among-indian-youth-nearly-30-share-sensitive-information-online/articleshow/78570744.cms">Instagram most preferred platform among Indian youth — nearly 30% share sensitive information online</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/indias-second-richest-woman-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-nearly-doubles-her-wealth-to-4-6-billion-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/articleshow/78569565.cms">India’s second richest woman nearly doubles her wealth to $4.6 billion during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>

World Food Programme wins 2020 Nobel Peace Prize

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>Kawhi Leonard hit a series-winning shot that bounced on the rim four times before falling in to knock off the Philadelphia 76ers and advance the Toronto Raptors to the Eastern Conference Finals.</li><li>Rick Madonik of The Toronto Star captured an incredible photo of Leonard and the 76ers' Joel Embiid watching the ball bounce on the rim, awaiting the result.</li><li>See the photo below.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a></li></ul>Kawhi Leonard sent the Toronto Raptors to the Eastern Conference Finals in stunning fashion on Sunday, eliminating the Philadelphia 76ers in Game 7 with a series-winning shot that bounced around the rim before falling in.Leonard's shot wasn't as smooth as, say, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/damian-lillard-game-winning-3-thunder-playoffs-2019-4">Damian Lillard's 37-foot series winner</a> over the Oklahoma City Thunder, but it was just as dramatic, as the game was tied and appeared to be going to overtime before the shot fell.Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/video-kawhi-leonard-shot-buzzer-beater-2019-5">Kawhi Leonard knocked out the 76ers with a dramatic bouncing buzzer-beater</a>Rick Madonik of The Toronto Star captured an incredible photo of the moment, as Leonard had fallen out of bounds on the attempt while the 76ers' Joel Embiid watched the ball alongside of him.Here's the photo:<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>A wider shot (believed to also have been taken by Madonik) captured even more emotions.Watch Leonard's heroic, dramatic shot below:<ul class="read-more-links"><li>Read more:</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cj-mccollum-block-jumper-blazers-nuggets-game-7-2019-5" data-read-more-link="" data-e2e-name="read-more-link">C.J. McCollum pulled off a LeBron James-like block and Michael Jordan-esque jump shot in a heroic effort to advance the Blazers in the playoffs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/lebron-james-tweets-midrange-shots-analytics-blazers-nuggets-game-7-2019-5" data-read-more-link="" data-e2e-name="read-more-link">LeBron James went on a mini-rant about 'real basketball' after the Blazers big win to advance to the Western Conference Finals</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/chris-paul-stephen-curry-practice-beef-game-6-2019-5" data-read-more-link="" data-e2e-name="read-more-link">Chris Paul reportedly kicked Stephen Curry off the practice court before Game 6, but Warriors players had the last laugh after eliminating the Rockets</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/2019-nba-free-agents-2019-5" data-read-more-link="" data-e2e-name="read-more-link"> The 2019 NBA free agent class is stacked and has the potential to alter the league - here are the best players available</a></li></ul><div></div><div><div style="width: 100%; height: 0px; position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.250%;"></div></div> <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/game-of-thrones-season-8-episode-4-details-missed-easter-eggs-2019-5">14 details in 'Game of Thrones' season 8 episode 4 you may have missed</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

Stunning photo captured the Raptors and Sixers watching Kawhi Leonard's series-winning shot bounce around the rim

Apple, Amazon, Google, and hundreds of businesses vowed to meet Paris climate goals on their own 'in the absence of leadership from Washington'

<div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right"><div class="image on-image">APSen. <keyword id="22133" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="John-F-Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</keyword> with Sen. Lyndon B. Johnson, during the Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, Calif., July 1960.</div></div>It's not just crackpots who question the conventional wisdom that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone when he killed President John F. Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963.
University of Virginia professor <a href="http://politics.virginia.edu/people/sabato">Larry Sabato</a>, author of "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Kennedy-Half-Century-Presidency-Assassination/dp/1620402807" target="_blank">The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination, and Lasting Legacy of John F. Kennedy</a>" argues that "the chance of some sort of conspiracy involving Oswald is not insubstantial."
Sabato reached this conclusion after considering 50 years of evidence, even while also <a href="http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/sabato-jfk-book-kennedy-assassination-theory-98245.html">debunking a conspiracy theory</a> put forth by a House committee in 1979. 
"For all attempts to close the case as 'just Oswald,' fair-minded observers continue to be troubled by many aspects of eyewitness testimony and paper trails," he writes.
The founder of the UVA Center for <keyword id="6358883" type="PERSON" weightage="100" keywordseo="Politics">Politics</keyword> opened this never-ending debate "because the assassination is critical both to understanding America's past and future paths and to <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/john-f-kennedys-enduring-legacy-is-starting-to-become-much-clearer-2013-10">the lasting legacy of John Kennedy</a> that is the subject of this book."
Alternative theories cannot be put to rest because of discrepancies and inadequacies in the initial response to the assassination.
To start, there are the questions about why the autopsy was performed at the Bethesda Naval Medical Center in Maryland, not in Texas as required by the law, and why the Bethesda team did not confer with doctors from the Texas trauma room and did not have the president's clothes.
"[The autopsy] opens it up to conspiracy theories immediately that the body was altered, the wounds were altered, and all the rest of it," Sabato told us. "I understand why they couldn't leave the body there but it would have been so much better if it had been performed in Dallas."
More questions arise with the investigation ordered by President Lyndon Johnson, which Sabato claims was haphazard and inadequate.
"The problem is the <a href="http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-1.html">Warren Commission</a> did not do a thorough job when the trail was hot," Sabato told Business Insider. "The trail went cold decades ago. It is virtually impossible 50 years later to put all of the pieces back together. I've interviewed people 50 years later that the Warren Commission never interviewed that were right there and took important photos or films."
Because of these errors, certain conspiracy theories may never be put to rest.
<div class="KonaFilter image-container"><div class="image on-image">APPresident John F. Kennedy is seen riding in motorcade approximately one minute before he was shot in Dallas, Tx., on Nov. 22, 1963. In the car riding with Kennedy are Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy, right, Nellie Connally, left, and her husband, Gov. John Connally of Texas.</div></div>
<h3 class="p1">The conspiracy theories</h3>
While all evidence suggests that Oswald killed Kennedy, some clues suggests that he may not have been the only assassin or that he may not have acted alone.
First, there remains "the live possibility of a second gunman in the grassy knoll area," given the testimony of several witnesses, the presence of phony Secret Service agents, and the armed men seen in the vicinity of the Dealey plaza before, during, and after the assassination.
Adding to this theory is Dr. Robert McClelland, a physician in the trauma room of the hospital where <keyword id="75066" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="JFK">JFK</keyword> was taken, who contends that the wound he saw was consistent with a shot from the grassy knoll. Sabato notes that the "ambiguous nature of the visual evidence" has led to experts to disagree as to whether the bullet that entered JFK's head came from the rear (where Oswald was) or the front (the grassy knoll).
As for the idea that Oswald received help or encouragement, there is no proof that he did, but there also is no proof that he didn't - and there are reasons to be suspicious.
"For a complete nobody, Oswald certainly did seem to hang out with well-connected people," Sabato told BI.
Some of those shady connections include:
Upon returning from his short defection to the Soviet Union, Oswald became friends with an international man of mystery named George de Mohrenschildt, who "had ties with American intelligence and the State Department ... and killed himself before he could testify to the House Committee on Assassinations," Sabato said.
When Oswald moved from Dallas to New Orleans, he moved in with his uncle, a small time hustler and bookie for New Orleans Mafia boss Carlos Marcello. According to an FBI informant, Oswald received money from one of Marcello's chief lieutenants.
It was in the Big Easy where Oswald became acquainted with the FBI. Oswald handed out pro-Castro literature with the address 544 Camp Street on it. Curiously, FBI agent Guy Bannister and a CIA-backed Cuban Revolutionary Council also rented space at the same location.
"One thing that I've always wondered about is [Oswald's] time in New Orleans because he was apparently associated with Guy Bannister, who clearly had FBI and CIA ties, and yet he's also scuffling on the street with [the local representative of] an anti-Castro group," Sabato said.
When Oswald was arrested after the fight, he demanded to speak with FBI, and the agency sent Special Agent John Quigley to see him.
"All of these things are suspicious," Sabato told BI.
As a teenage Oswald was photographed with David Ferrie, a staunch anticommunist who would allegedly go on to buy weapons from mob boss Marcello and hand them off to Bannister and a CIA asset. Ferrie denied ever knowing Oswald, yet in September 1963, six witnesses alleged that the two showed up at a voter registration office in Clinton, Miss.
"It could be that Oswald was just a Forrest-Gump like character who popped up at interesting moments wherever he happened to live," Sabato writes. "But just as conceivably, whether related to the Kennedy assassination or not, Oswald actually had secretive contacts with the CIA or the FBI, or both."<div class="KonaFilter image-container"><div class="image on-image">AP Photo/LM OteroA visitor wearing a cowboy hat looks out onto Dealey Plaza from the Sixth Floor Museum located in the former Texas School Book Depository building in Dallas.</div></div>Sabato details several more intriguing connections to Oswald, including the top CIA officials who withheld information about Oswald after he allegedly showed up at the Cuban and Russian embassies in Mexico City on Oct. 9, 1963, in a failed attempt to secure visas so that he could go back to the Soviet Union.
When the CIA Mexico City station informed CIA headquarters that a man named Lee Oswald had been in contact with the Soviet consulate, Langley only sent a bare-bones reply with Oswald's basic facts. And the CIA, which had self-operating surveillance cameras and telephone bugs in both buildings, has never produced a photo or recordings of Oswald at either embassy.
"The pieces of the Oswald puzzle stamped CIA may be ill-fitting, but they could reasonably create a portrait of covert action," Sabato writes. "CIA headquarters might have found a good use for Oswald and would not have wanted to share how much they knew about this particular asset with lower-level employees or foreign country stations."
Taken together, Sabato concludes that the prime suspects for influencing Oswald to murder JFK would be the Mafia, the anti-Castro Cubans, or a rogue cell within the CIA.
"They all had means, motive, and opportunity," according to Sabato.
"As far as the CIA goes … it is clear beyond question that the CIA lied repeatedly to the Warren Commission and continued lying to the House Select Committee on Assassinations," Sabato told BI. "Revealing nothing about the assassination attempts on Fidel Castro. Revealing very little about the fact they kept close tabs on Oswald: They knew what he was doing, they were evaluating him. I think they had something in mind. I don't subscribe to the hidden coup within the CIA, although I don't rule it out. "
The suspicions about CIA went all the way to the top. Sabato writes that Marvin Watson, LBJ's postmaster general, told the FBI that "President Johnson expressed a belief in private in 1967 that the CIA had had a role in Kennedy's death."
<h3>Where the mystery stands</h3>
<div class="KonaFilter image-container float_left" style="width:350px"><div class="image">Larry J. Sabato<a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Kennedy-Half-Century-Presidency-Assassination/dp/1620402807">Buy "The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination, and Lasting Legacy of John F.Kennedy"</a></div></div>
"Given the lack of hard evidence, to accuse any arm or agency of the federal government of orchestrating Kennedy's assassination is both irresponsible and disingenuous," Sabato writes. "At the same time, it is impossible to rule out the possibility that small, secret cabal of CIA hard-liners, angry about Kennedy's handling of Cuba and sensing a leftward turn on negotiations with the Soviets ... took matters into their own hands lest the United States go soft on Communism."
The truth is that we may never know.
"I think this subject after 50 years requires some humility, which very few analysts of the assassination have," Sabato told BI.
"I am tired of reading books by authors who are absolutely certain that they have found the truth about the assassination. Malarkey," Sabato said. "There is no way to have a full picture. We are where we are and I think we are just going to have to accept that."
New details could come out soon, however, when thousands of documents are scheduled to be released in October 2017.
"The President at that time will get to rule whether anything can remain secret and redacted," Sabato said.

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