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New Delhi: India's fossil fuel emissions are projected to rise by 4.6 per cent in 2024, while China could see a marginal rise of 0.2 per cent, according to new research by a group of international scientists. As the UN climate conference in Baku, Azerbaijan, discussed raising trillions of dollars to tackle <keyword id="19907392" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Climate-change" source="keywords">climate change</keyword>, the group of scientists known as the "Global Carbon Project" warned that emissions from fossil fuels -- the main driver of warming -- could hit a record 37.4 billion tonnes in 2024, up 0.8 percent from 2023 levels. This comes despite rapid growth in renewable energy and a landmark agreement at COP28 in Dubai last year to move away from fossil fuels. The "<keyword id="23948569" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Global-carbon-budget-2024" source="keywords">Global Carbon Budget 2024</keyword>" report said total global CO2 emissions are set to go up from 40.6 billion tons in 2023 to 41.6 billion metric tons in 2024, which is on course to become the warmest year on record. "The impacts of climate change are becoming increasingly dramatic, yet we still see no sign that burning of fossil fuels has peaked," Professor Pierre Friedlingstein of Exeter's Global Systems Institute, who led the study, said. The 'Global Carbon Project' team said India, the world's most populous country and fastest-growing major economy, may see its fossil fuel emissions rise by 4.6 percent. According to a UN report released last month, India's greenhouse gas emissions surged by 6.1 per cent in 2023, contributing to 8 per cent of the global total. However, the country's historical contribution to global CO2 emissions stands at only 3 per cent. India's per capita emissions remain low at 2.9 tons of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e), far below the global average of 6.6 tCO2e. India, the world's third-largest greenhouse gas emitter, has pledged to reach net zero emissions (balancing emissions with removals) by 2070 and aims to achieve 500 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030. China's emissions, which make up 32 per cent of the global total, are likely to increase slightly by 0.2 per cent, though there is a chance they could decline, according to the data released on Wednesday. Emissions from the United States and the European Union, which contribute 13 per cent and 7 per cent of the global total, are both set to decline, with drops of 0.6 per cent for the US and 3.8 per cent for the EU. Emissions from the rest of the world, which together account for 38 per cent of global emissions, could see a rise of 1.1 per cent. The researchers said that in 2024, coal emissions will likely increase by 0.2 per cent, oil by 0.9 per cent, and gas by 2.4 per cent, globally. Coal, oil, and gas contribute 41 per cent, 32 per cent, and 21 per cent of global fossil CO2 emissions, respectively. However, given the uncertainty in projections, it remains possible that coal emissions could decline in 2024, they said. The report also pointed out that emissions from international aviation and shipping, which account for 3 per cent of global emissions and are tracked separately from national or regional totals, are expected to rise by 7.8 per cent in 2024. However, these emissions will still be 3.5 per cent below the 2019 pre-pandemic levels. Globally, emissions from land-use changes, like deforestation, have dropped by 20 per cent over the past decade but are expected to rise in 2024. Permanent CO2 removal through reforestation and new forest planting now offsets about half of the emissions from permanent deforestation, they added. Technology-based CO2 removal accounts for only a tiny fraction -- around one-millionth -- of CO2 emissions from fossil fuels. The report said that emissions from fires in 2024 have been above the average since the beginning of the satellite record in 2003, particularly due to the extreme 2023 wildfire season in Canada (which continued into 2024) and severe drought in Brazil. Land and ocean carbon sinks continued to absorb around half of the total carbon emissions, despite being negatively affected by climate change.

Global fossil emissions to reach record high in 2024; India's share to rise by 4.6 pc: Report

The constant yearning for a life on a quaint farm has become an almost inescapable part of the corporate experience, no matter how well-adjusted you may be. Disappointed with the unavailability of such luxuries, many urban residents take to farming within the concrete confines of their cities, often to great success and applause. Aside from just being a very fulfilling practice for overstressed metro individuals, urban <keyword id="6355165" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="agriculture" source="Orion">agriculture</keyword> has several benefits, such as the development of a sense of community, independence, and the repurposability of unused city spaces. Additionally, growing the food locally means there's no need to ship produce from faraway farms, reducing the overall <keyword id="6404408" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="carbon-footprint" source="Orion">carbon footprint</keyword> of the meals on your plate — or so we were led to believe. A new study throws a wrench in the works, revealing that fruits and vegetables grown in urban farms have, on average, a six times greater <keyword id="6404408" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="carbon-footprint" source="Orion">carbon footprint</keyword> than conventionally grown produce! The main culprit is the material used to build and maintain such farms, like raised beds and irrigation systems. These often have shorter lifespans, leading to a higher environmental cost per serving. Urban farming is tricky. While futuristic hydroponic systems with multi-level vertical farms might come to mind when visualising the concept, the fact remains that most farms in the city are just simple <keyword id="6355165" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="agriculture" source="Orion">agriculture</keyword> beds, with none of this resource-saving tech to show for it. Since many of these farms are the result of relatively impromptu endeavours, urban farmers often don't invest heavily in the longevity of the agriculture infrastructure. What results is that the constant damage control actually causes higher <keyword id="56310" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="greenhouse-gas" source="Orion">greenhouse gas</keyword> emissions than conventional farming practices. The study revealed that food from urban agriculture emitted 0.42 kilograms of <keyword id="66463" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="carbon" source="Orion">carbon</keyword> dioxide equivalents per serving on average — far higher than the 0.07 kilograms emitted by usual farming. Even though the overall picture seems bleak, all is not lost yet. Certain crops, like open-air tomatoes, actually perform better than their greenhouse counterparts in traditional farms. But in order to make <keyword id="20054673" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="city-farming" source="Orion">city farming</keyword> truly sustainable, the researchers recommend using durable materials to make the grow-beds, and reusing urban waste such as construction debris, food waste and rainwater. While lowering the <keyword id="66463" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="carbon" source="Orion">carbon</keyword> footprint is crucial, the study reminds us that urban farms offer more than just food. They improve mental health, diets, and social connections. By maximising these "non-food outputs," urban farms can become truly sustainable parts of our cities. The findings of this study have been published in Nature Cities.

City farms emit six times more greenhouse gases compared to typical agricultural fields: study

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Global fossil emissions to reach record high in 2024; India's share to rise by 4.6 pc: Report

PTI

City farms emit six times more greenhouse gases compared to typical agricultural fields: study

Ankush Banerjee

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