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<ul class="summary-list"><li>The wait is finally over: Google has officially unveiled Gemini.</li><li>Google is presenting Gemini as its answer to GPT-4, the AI model that sits behind ChatGPT.</li></ul>The wait for <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/google-gemini-ai-model-release-ultra-pro-bard-openai-tpu-2023-12">Gemini</a> felt a bit like waiting for Godot this year.OpenAI, a relatively small upstart company, seriously upstaged Google when it fatefully released ChatGPT in November 2022.When would the tech giants, particularly Google, follow?Now we know.On Wednesday, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sundar-pichai-google-alphabet-ceo-career-life">Google CEO Sundar Pichai</a> and the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/deepmind-founder-elon-musk-ai-could-destroy-mars-colonies-nyt-2023-12">Google DeepMind boss Demis Hassabis</a> introduced the world to Gemini, Google's new generative AI model, which it describes as its "most capable and general model yet."Gemini, which comes in three different flavors named <a target="_blank" href="https://deepmind.google/technologies/gemini/#introduction">Ultra, Pro, and Nano</a>, is a multimodal artificial-intelligence system, which means it processes not only text but code, audio, images, and video to respond to user prompts. It also integrates directly into mobile devices, a first for an AI model and a point of excitement for app makers.It's such an important moment for Google that the cofounder <a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/_sholtodouglas/status/1732523722316370143?s=20">Sergey Brin was hands-on</a> "basically every day" with its development, as one Gemini developer put it.It's early, but initial reactions suggest Gemini is putting in a good showing against <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/openai-gpt4-ai-model-got-lazier-dumber-chatgpt-2023-7">GPT-4</a>, the latest large language model powering ChatGPT.First, some numbers that illustrate Gemini's performance chops.Google says its most powerful Ultra model, rolling out next year, "exceeds current state-of-the-art results on 30 of the 32 widely-used academic benchmarks" to assess large language models.TL;DR: Gemini probably is better than GPT-4. But a closer look at the details suggests the outperformance is only marginal.On one benchmark, Gemini Ultra has a 74.4% success rate in Python coding tasks, for example, versus 67% for GPT-4. On another benchmark, Gemini Ultra has a reading comprehension score of 82.4 compared with GPT-4's 80.9.<div type="image" title="A screenshot from Google's technical paper introducing Gemini" height="1252" width="1032" msid="105817674" hostid="261"></div>As marginal as this is, first impressions of Gemini still appear to be positive among users who are getting a taste of Gemini through Bard, Google's version of ChatGPT.Mihir Patel, a research engineer at MosaicML, posted screenshots to X that compared responses from Gemini and GPT-4 to the question, "What is mamba in deep learning?"Gemini's response was more detailed in his screenshots and linked to external research papers. ChatGPT was closer to a smart Wikipedia entry.<a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/mvpatel2000/status/1732496433318592842?s=20">Patel's reaction</a>: "Gemini is so good. SO much better and SO much faster than GPT-4."Another <a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/sundarpichai/status/1732433036929589301?s=20">demo showed Gemini</a> accurately describing a developing picture of a duck swimming in water. That elicited several semi-jokey <a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/tridevgurung/status/1732451200405041604?s=20">"Google is so back" responses</a> on social media. Developers will probably welcome Gemini as an interesting alternative to OpenAI's offering, too. Google <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ft.com/content/5841a809-00fa-4a1f-8709-71301d7de242">told the Financial Times</a> that because the Nano model was built to "run natively" on its Pixel phones, Android developers would have an easier time building AI apps.The verdict is still out on just how successful Gemini will be and whether Google can pry users away from ChatGPT with it. Lots of users wanting to test Gemini may have to wait as the company continues to work on non-English-language versions of the models.Gemini also still appears to be <a target="_blank" href="https://www.threads.net/@reckless1280/post/C0hK6WjORsO">vulnerable</a> to the hallucination issues that have plagued ChatGPT.Pichai, Hassabis, and other Google execs will be familiar with the innovator's dilemma — the idea that big companies risk losing their market leadership if they don't stay nimble in product development. Early reactions to Gemini suggest there's life in the old search engine yet.

'So much faster than GPT-4': People are hyped for Google's AI model Gemini in its first 24 hours

<ul class="summary-list"><li>With the release of "El Camino" on Netflix, now is the perfect time to revisit Walter White and Jesse Pinkman's journey in AMC's critically acclaimed series, "Breaking Bad".</li><li>But perhaps its most hated episode "Fly" might be the greatest bottle episode to come out of the show.</li><li>Here's why an episode about nothing is in fact, about everything.</li><li><a href="https://www.insider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit INSIDER's homepage for more stories.</a></li></ul>Following is a transcript of the video.Nate Lee: The most impressive feat achieved by "Breaking Bad," in my opinion, isn't the cinematography, the writing, or even the performances, but its consistency. From the very first shot to its last, it's a show that doesn't waste a single moment, each episode serving a vital role in the story. And it's this consistency that has allowed for some of the most memorable episodes in television. But it's also the reason why my personal favorite and perhaps one of the show's greatest episodes doesn't get the spotlight it deserves. And it's not an episode with a major character death or a bombastic action sequence, but an episode about nothing.The episode that I'm referring to is the 10th episode of season three, "Fly." It's also perhaps the series' most polarizing episode, some hailing it as one of the show's greatest, while heavily despised by others. The plot is simple. Walt discovers that a fly has entered his lab and becomes obsessed to get rid of it, while his partner, Jesse, tries to argue against this unreasonable obsession.Jesse: Hey, what happened to your head?Walt: Nothing, I'm fine.Jesse: You didn't hit it really hard?Walt: My head is not the problem, Jesse. The fly is the problem.Nate: That's it. There are no subplots or big action sequences. What we see is just these two characters in a lab trying to catch a fly. Consider the fact that the episode dropped right in the middle of a season progressing at an otherwise breakneck speed, and it's easy to see why many weren't so happy with it. A part of it, I think, has to do with what the episode is: what's known in the industry as a bottle episode."Outer Limits" narrator: You are about to experience the awe and mystery which reaches from the inner mind to the outer limits.Nate: First coined by the creator of the '60s TV series "The Outer Limits," bottle episodes refer to episodes that could be produced cheaply by restricting the number of actors and locations. Although it's been around for some time, the series that really broke new ground was none other than "Seinfeld," in the episode "Chinese Restaurant," where the entire plot revolves around Jerry and his friends just waiting for a table at a restaurant.Host: It'll be five, 10 minutes.Nate: NBC initially refused the episode, arguing that there was no real story to keep viewers engaged. It was only after Larry David threatened to quit the show that the episode was approved and went on to become one of the most critically acclaimed episodes in the entire series. It was even used as a joke in the later season.George: Oh, forget the story.Jerry: You gotta have a story.George: Who says you gotta have a story? Remember when we were waiting for that table in that Chinese restaurant that time? That could be a TV show.Nate: Since then, bottle episodes have popped up everywhere, sometimes as a creative tool.Jeff: Tell your disappointment to suck it. I'm doing a bottle episode.Nate: And in the case of the "Fly," due to the budget. Nearing the end of the season, the series was hopelessly over budget, and showrunner Vince Gilligan and the writers were forced to come up with an episode set in one location to save the cost of moving their production trucks, hence the story of two characters trying to catch a fly. What's ironic is that the criticism against the episode is justified. The episode is really about nothing. It doesn't move the plot forward in any way, and despite everything that happens, nothing is ever changed or resolved by the end.To understand the purpose of the episode, I think it's important to understand what influenced it. From Percy Bysshe Shelley, whose sonnets inspired the episode "Ozymandias," to Walt Whitman, whose work served as a major plot device, "Breaking Bad" is chock-full of both cultural and literary references.Jesse: Place is full of dead-eyed douchebags, the hours suck, and nobody knows what's going on, so.Group leader: Sounds kind of Kafkaesque.Jesse: Yeah. Totally Kafkaesque.Nate: While "Fly" borrows from several different materials, the most prominent is "Waiting for Godot" by legendary playwright Samuel Beckett, a play about two men, Vladimir and Estragon, waiting for an individual named Godot, but we never find out who Godot is, and, spoiler alert, Godot never arrives. Instead, the play is really about the various philosophical contemplations the two share over the absurdity of their situation. "Fly" and "Waiting for Godot" share this similar absurdist tone. Like "Godot," the story is never about the fly but the two men, Walter and Jesse, trying to find meaning in it. And, similar to how the identity of Godot has been the subject of debate for many years, the fly is also capable of many different interpretations, from Walt's guilt for the death of Jesse's girlfriend to the loss of control over his own operation from Gus Fring's influence.What Vince Gilligan and the writers receive in return for the lack of bombastic action and an almost glacial pacing is a moment to explore these two characters, something as simple as how the two approach a problem. Walt uses what he knows, his knowledge in science and logic, to solve a problem.Jesse: What positive? Positive what?Walt: Pressure. I've turned the ventilation up to keep the outside out.Nate: And when it doesn't work, he begins to seek out needlessly dangerous and riskier methods, while Jesse acts almost instinctively without putting much thought, reluctantly helping Walt without fully understanding the danger, their stark difference in character resulting in a constant state of conflict we will see repeat again and again. In fact, the entire plot is designed to show their toxic relationship, the two unable to accomplish a simple common goal without hurting one another, and the issue is only finally resolved when Jesse is left to work on his own, Walt unable to see the end of the chain of events he himself has caused, all of which will come back to haunt the two throughout the rest of the series.Jesse: Just tell me you don't give a s--- about me, and it's either this... it's either this, or you'll kill me the same way you killed Mike.Nate: And their dialogue in the episode reveals a lot about how the two perceive one another. We get not one but two of what I think are some of the greatest monologues in the series, one from Jesse about his aunt who hallucinates an opossum in her house from the cancer that has metastasized to her brain.Jesse: But it was good that that was when we decided to, you know, take her to the doctor 'cause then we knew what was up. You know, got her some treatment, meds so she wasn't stressing all the time. It was a lot better after that. She was a lot happier.Nate: Jesse's story is one inspired by his concern for Walt, being the only one in the room to see the fly as a manifestation of something else, while Walter's monologue is that of something entirely different: his regrets.Jesse: Perfect moment, for what? To drop dead? What, you are saying you want to die?Walt: I'm saying...I've lived too long.Nate: It's brilliant writing that shows what the two characters desire from one another. For Jesse, it is a sense of connection, and for Walt, a chance at redemption.Walt: I'm sorry about Jane.Nate: The writers of "Breaking Bad" accomplish all of this with just a fly. In fact, you can actually see the entire plot of this series in just this one episode. Walt's personal obsession getting Jesse reluctantly involved, leading to a series of dangerous decisions, and throughout, we see Jesse's many emotions towards him ranging from frustration, anger, and eventually resentment. Walt eventually realizes how much he has hurt Jesse and attempts to come to terms with it, but in the end, nothing is resolved, everyone more damaged than when they began. "Fly" is an episode that, in a lot of ways, embodies the genius of "Breaking Bad": its ability to take a simple concept to discuss something much greater than itself, an example that shows that great television can be achieved without the need for big character moments or bombastic action sequences, but a focus on the story it tries to tell and an understanding that sometimes what seems like nothing could, in fact, be about everything.<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/intelligence/top-10-trends-in-digital-media?IR=T&amp;itm_source=businessinsider&amp;itm_medium=ctgr_bii&amp;itm_term=ctgr_leadgen&amp;itm_content=netflix&amp;itm_campaign=top-10-trends-in-digital-media"></a>

Why the greatest "Breaking Bad" Episode is also the most hated

ScreenshotThe Boring Company is building its own tunnel boring machine, named Godot.Elon Musk's latest company is officially up and running.The Tesla and SpaceX CEO said on Twitter Wednesday evening that his tunnel boring machine, dubbed Godot, has officially begun digging under Los Angeles.Musk <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-boring-company-tunnel-project-ted-2017-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">officially launched</a> his tunnel company, aptly named The Boring Company, in April."No longer waiting for Godot. It has begun boring and just completed the first segment of tunnel in LA," <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/880201464370442240" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Musk said</a>.Musk said in a <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-02-16/elon-musk-is-really-boring" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bloomberg</a> profile that the company would begin digging in the SpaceX parking lot. The Boring Company, however, will need to secure permits to dig beyond the SpaceX property line.Musk's ultimate goal is to relieve congestion by building as many as 30 layers of tunnels beneath Interstate 105 in LA. Musk has said that the tunnels will transport cars on an electric skate and could even accommodate a Hyperloop.<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-los-angeles-mayor-tunnel-2017-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Musk said</a> last Monday that he has had "promising conversations" with Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti about the project.Los Angeles is contemplating the addition of an express train that would travel between Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Union Station, a main transit hub that connects LA to distant suburbs east and west of the city. <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-los-angeles-mayor-tunnel-2017-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Garcetti said</a> he is considering using Musk's tunnel to support the rail connection.The SpaceX parking lot is roughly a five-minute drive from LAX, but securing the necessary permits to dig under the freeway will likely take time.Still, Musk is clearly dead serious about making his tunnel network a reality. But he says <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/880208110719123456">it will take some more time</a> before Godot can beat his pet snail, Gary. <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-reveals-details-tunneling-project-boring-company-new-video-2017-4">Here's a visualization of Elon Musk's tunneling project that could change transportation forever</a></h3> Please enable Javascript to watch this video

Elon Musk has officially started digging a tunnel under Los Angeles

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">AP Photo/Jae C. Hong</div></div></div><ul><li><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/snap-stock">Snap</a>'s latest <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/snap-stock-price-earnings-revenue-wall-street-weighs-in-2019-2-1027930278">earnings results</a> impressed Wall Street, and one analyst says the company is setting up for a <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/twtr-stock">Twitter</a>-like reversal of fortune. </li><li>Twitter shares began bottoming out in early 2017 after falling 80% from their all-time high in 2013. RBC believes Snap could be setting up for a similar trajectory. </li><li>In the last two years, Twitter shares are up nearly 120%.</li><li>Watch <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/snap-stock">Snap</a> and <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/twtr-stock">Twitter</a> trade live.</li></ul><a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/snap-stock">Snap</a> might be pulling a <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/twtr-stock">Twitter</a>, as far as its stock is concerned."Is This TWTR At The Beginning of '17?!" RBC Capital Markets analyst Mark Mahaney wrote. "The pieces may be in place."The firm's report followed Tuesday's <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/snap-stock-price-earnings-revenue-wall-street-weighs-in-2019-2-1027930278">fourth-quarter earnings results</a> that dazzled Wall Street. Mahaney pointed to encouraging signals like "a successful ads platform auction transition, ongoing product innovation (for both advertisers and users), and Android platform improvements rolling out."<a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/snap-stock-price-stopping-trend-declining-users-2019-2-1027930120">Snap shares soared over 20%</a> Wednesday as investors digested the latest results, and a handful of Wall Street analysts said the beaten-down stock has appeared to turn a corner. The Snapchat app's daily active user base - a critical measure of the platform's growth - stabilized in the fourth-quarter after two straight declines.Twitter, meanwhile, endured a similar pattern several years ago.Shares began bottoming out in early 2017 after plunging 80% from their 2013 record high amid <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/snap-q3-2018-earnings-analysts-twitter-like-turnaround-2018-10">waning user growth</a> and a string of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-executive-salaries-2017-4">executive departures</a> - not unlike Snap's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tim-stone-cfo-snapchat-parent-company-snap-quits-2019-1">recent turmoil</a>. It has soared nearly 120% over the past two years. Now read: <a href="https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/snap-stock-price-earnings-revenue-wall-street-weighs-in-2019-2-1027930278">Snap is the 'comeback kid.' Here's what Wall Street is saying about its latest results</a>"The key remains reigniting DAU growth," Mahaney said, referring its number of daily active users. "Two problems are that a) waiting for the Android fix has been like waiting for Godot… and b) @ 8X '19E P/S, SNAP's valuation implies that Godot IS coming around the corner."Additionally, Mahaney noted that Twitter is now trading at a similar valuation as Snap and has similar revenue growth, but with materially positive earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization, and free cash flow. That stands in contrast to Snap, which just posted a loss for the fourth-quarter.Speaking more broadly about the social space and stiff competition from Facebook's Instagram app, he said the 2 million marketers now advertising on Instagram Stories could "amount to a rising tide lifting all (INSTA &amp; SNAP) Stories Boats." On the other hand, the tide could "swamp the SNAP Boat."If this kind of forecast sounds familiar, that's because analysts hoped for a similar turnaround and inflection point for the stock <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/snap-q3-2018-earnings-analysts-twitter-like-turnaround-2018-10">last quarter</a>.Mahaney has a "sector perform" rating and $10 price target - 16% above where shares settled on Wednesday.Read more:<ul><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/twitter-ceo-jack-dorsey-tweets-about-love-of-bitcoin-2019-2">Jack Dorsey is tweeting about his love of bitcoin: 'Bitcoin is resilient. Bitcoin is principled. Bitcoin is native to internet ideals.'</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stock-market-strategy-top-themes-picks-edward-jones-kate-warne-investment-strategy-2019-2">A strategist at $1 trillion Edward Jones explains why the stock market's recent meltdown was the best possible thing for it - and reveals where you should put your money</a></li></ul><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Markets InsiderSnap shares.</div></div></div>Get the latest Snap stock price<a href="http://markets.businessinsider.com/stock/SNAP-Quote"> here.</a> <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/your-body-when-you-stop-exercising-workout-health-fitness-2017-7">What happens to your body if you stop exercising</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

Snap is laying the groundwork for a Twitter-like reversal, RBC says

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>Building a massive network of underground tunnels is no small technological feat, but securing regulatory&#xa0;approval is arguably the biggest challenge.Serial entrepreneur&#xa0;Elon Musk said&#xa0;he wants to build a <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-boring-company-tunnels-facts-2017-8/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">network of 30 underground tunnels</a> beneath Los Angeles that can transport cars on an electric skate.&#xa0;The Boring Company, Musk's latest venture handling the project, has dug a 160-foot test tunnel on SpaceX's parking lot to prove its technology.Musk's vision still has a long way to go before it becomes a reality, but the SpaceX and Tesla CEO&#xa0;secured a huge win last week when Hawthorne's city council granted him permission to extend the SpaceX tunnel&#xa0;in a 4-1 vote, the <a href="http://www.dailybreeze.com/business/20170823/dig-it-hawthorne-approves-elon-musks-test-tunnel-beneath-city-streets" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Daily Breeze</a> reported.The vote would allow the Boring Company to extend the tunnel an additional two miles. Although the city council's approval serves as a vote of confidence, the company will still need to secure an "encroachment permit" to actually start digging, <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/24/16199410/elon-musk-the-boring-company-test-tunnel-hawthorne-california" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Verge reported</a>.The tunnel can only be used to test the company's tunneling&#xa0;and electric skate technology. The Boring Company did not immediately return Business Insider's request for comment.Boring Company is currently testing a tunnel boring machine that was used for a sewer project in Sunnydale, California. The ultimate goal&#xa0;is to use the machine, named Godot, to learn how tunneling technology can be altered to dig tunnels faster and at a lower cost.The company will also use the extension to test an electric skate that <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-car-skate-boring-company-tunnel-photo-2017-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Musk has said</a> could rocket cars through the tunnel at speeds up to 130 mph.The Boring Company has already installed the skate, which can fit a Tesla:Musk's ultimate aim is to extend the tunnel to Los Angeles International Airport. However, the city of Hawthorne can request that the Boring Company fill the tunnel back up with soil once the tests are complete,&#xa0;according to the Verge.<div> </div> <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-mark-zuckerberg-ai-artificial-intelligence-disagreement-debate-2017-7">Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg are waging a war of words over the future of AI</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

Elon Musk got the green light to expand his tunneling project under LA - but there's a catch

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"></div></div></div>The <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5lGoQhFb4NM">trailer</a> for "Wonder Woman" <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/wonder-woman-trailer-2016-7">dropped at Comic-Con</a> over the weekend, and it was full of heroic swords and sandals action. The movie, which will be the DC Comics heroine's second appearance after her debut in "Batman v Superman," doesn't open until June 2 of next year, but that just gives us more time to get excited.Sure, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/gal-gadot-2016-3">"Batman v Superman"</a> was a total mess, but based on the trailer, consider us cautiously optimistic about "Wonder Woman," and actress Gal Godot looks comfortable (and badass) in the role.Here's a breakdown of the major beats of the trailer that will reveal all the details and hidden secrets you might have missed, as well as some comic book background knowledge.&#xa0;<div></div>

Here's every detail you may have missed from the 'Wonder Woman' trailer

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Samantha Lee/Business Insider</div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>The rise of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/deepfakes">deepfakes</a>, or videos created using AI that can make it look like someone said or did something they have never done, has raised concerns over how such technology could be used to spread misinformation and damage reputations.</li><li>High-profile figures such as <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/facebook">Facebook</a> CEO Mark Zuckerberg, former President Barack Obama, and "Wonder Woman" actress Gal Godot have all appeared in deepfake videos in recent years.</li><li>Congress has been discussing legal measures that could be taken to mitigate the potential damage inflicted by deepfake video content, but doing so without impacting free speech could prove challenging. </li><li>Using algorithms to identify deepfakes could also be difficult considering those who are creating such videos will likely find ways to circumvent such detection methods, experts say.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories. </a></li></ul>In a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/deepfake-video-mark-zuckerberg-instagram-2019-6">video that surfaced</a> about a month ago, Mark Zuckerberg blankly stared into the camera from what appeared to be an office. He made a simple request of his viewers. "Imagine this for a second," he said. "One man, with total control of billions of people's stolen data. All their secrets, their lives, their futures." Except it wasn't really the Facebook CEO. It was a digital replica of him <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/deepfakes-explained-the-rise-of-fake-realistic-videos-online-2019-6">known as a deepfake</a>: a phony video created using AI that can make it look like a person said or did something they have never actually done. Recognizable faces ranging from actor Kit Harrington <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jon-snow-apologizes-for-game-of-thrones-fake-video-2019-6">as Jon Snow from "Game of Thrones"</a> to former President Barack Obama have been the subject of such videos over the past year. And while these videos can be harmless, such as the clip of Jon Snow apologizing for the way the beloved HBO series ended, the technology has raised serious concerns about how manipulating videos and photos through artificial intelligence could potentially be used to spread misinformation or damage one's reputation. And according to experts, the deepfake movement isn't likely to slow down anytime soon."Technologically speaking, there is nothing we can do," said Ali Farhadi, senior research manager for the computer vision group at the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence. "The technology is out there, [and] people can start using it in whatever way they can."<h2>'We're entering an era in which our enemies can make anyone say anything at any point in time'</h2>It's unclear precisely when deepfakes were invented, but the trend began to gain widespread attention in late 2017 when a fake porn video purporting to feature "Wonder Woman" actress Gal Godot was published on Reddit by a user who went by the pseudonym "deepfakes," as <a href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gydydm/gal-gadot-fake-ai-porn">Vice reported</a> at the time. Since then, a range of doctored videos featuring high-profile celebrities and politicians have appeared online - some of which are meant to be satirical, others which have portrayed public figures in a negative light, and others which were created to prove a point. Videos of famous movie scenes that had been digitally altered to feature actor Nicholas Cage's face <a href="https://mashable.com/2018/01/31/nicolas-cage-face-swapping-deepfakes/">went viral in early 2018</a>, representing the lighter side of the spectrum showing how such tools could be used to foster entertainment.Then last April, <a href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/obama-jordan-peele-deepfake-video-debunk-buzzfeed?utm_term=.bxbj7Rqm7#.hsZ0VPeyV">BuzzFeed posted</a> an eerily realistic fake video showing former president Barack Obama saying words he had never spoken as part of an effort to spread awareness about the potential risks that come with using such technology in devious ways. "We're entering an era in which our enemies can make anyone say anything at any point in time," the Obama deepfake says in the video. Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-google-facebook-apple-respond-to-tech-regulation-2019-7">Facebook, Google, and Apple are going on the defense as the battle cry to break up 'big tech' gets louder than ever</a>Facebook also recently found itself in hot water after it <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nancy-pelosi-fake-video-facebook-news-2019-5">refused to take down</a> a slowed down video of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi that made it look as if she had been intoxicated. While that video wasn't technically a deepfake, it still raised questions about how easily video can be doctored and distributed. At the end of June, a controversial web app <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/deepnude-app-makes-deepfake-nudes-women-easy-revenge-porn-bullying-2019-6">called DeepNude</a> allowed users to create realistic naked images of women just by uploading photos to the app, demonstrating how such AI technologies could be used nefariously. The app has since been shut down. The manipulation of digital video and images is not new. But advancements in artificial intelligence, easier access to tools for altering video, and the scale at which doctored videos can be distributed are. Those latter two points are largely the reason why deepfakes may be prompting more concern than the rise of other photo and video editing tools in the past, says John Villasenor, a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and a professor of electrical engineering, public policy, law, and management at the University of California, Los Angeles."Everyone's a global broadcaster now," said Villasenor. "So I think it's those two things together that create a fundamentally different landscape than we had when Photoshop came out."Deepfakes are created by using training data - i.e. images or videos of a subject - to construct a three-dimensional model of a person, according to Villasenor. The amount of data required could vary depending on the system being used and the quality of the deepfake you're trying to create. Developing a convincing deepfake could require thousands of samples, says Farhadi, while Samsung developed an AI system that was able to generate a fabricated video clip <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/samsung-ai-deepfake-can-fabricate-a-video-of-you-from-a-single-photo-mona-lisa-cheapfake-dumbfake/">with just one photo</a>. Even though the technology has become more accessible and sophisticated that it once was, it still requires some level of expertise such as an understanding of deep learning algorithms, says Farhadi. "It's not like with a click of a button you start generating deepfakes," he says. "It's a lot of work." <h2>'An arms race'</h2>It's likely impossible to prevent deepfakes from being created or to prohibit them from spreading on social media and elsewhere. But even if it was possible to do so, outright banning deepfakes likely isn't the solution. That's because it's not the technology itself, but how it's being used, that can be problematic, says Maneesh Agrawala, the Forest Baskett Professor of Computer Science and director of the Brown Institute for Media Innovation at Stanford University. So eliminating deepfakes may not address the root of the issue. "Misinformation can still be presented even if the video is 100% real," said Agrawala. "So the concern that we have is with misinformation, not so much with the technologies that are creating these videos."That begs the question as to what can be done to prevent deepfakes from being used in dangerous ways that potentially could cause harm. Experts seem to agree that there are two potential approaches: technological solutions that can detect when a video has been doctored and legal frameworks that penalize those who use the technology to smear others. Neither avenue is fool-proof, and it's still unclear how such fixes would work.Although a clear solution doesn't exist yet, the question over how to address deepfakes has been a topic of discussion within Congress in recent months. Last December, Republican Senator Ben Sasse of Nebraska proposed a bill known as the "<a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/3805/text">Malicious Deep Fake Prohibition Act of 2018</a>," which seeks to prohibit "fraudulent audiovisual records." The "<a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3230/text">DEEP FAKES Accountability Act</a>" proposed by New York Democratic Representative Yvette Clarke in June requires that altered media is clearly labeled as such with a watermark. The proposed bill would also impose civil and criminal penalties for violations.But imposing legislation to crack down on deepfakes in a way that doesn't infringe on free speech or impact public discourse could be challenging, even if such rules do provide exceptions for entertainment content, as the <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2019/06/congress-should-not-rush-regulate-deepfakes">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> notes.The <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/ByaVigGFP2U/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=embed_video_watch_again">Zuckerberg deepfake,</a> for example, was created as part of an exhibit for a documentary festival. "I think it's important to be careful and nuanced in how we talk about the potential for damage," says Agrawala, who along with other researchers from Stanford, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Princeton University, and Adobe Research created an algorithm that can <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01524">edit talking-head videos through text</a>. "I think there are a number of really important use cases for that kind of technology."Plus, taking legal action is often time-consuming, which could make it difficult to use legal measures to mitigate potential harm stemming from deepfakes."Election cycles are influenced over the course of sometimes days or even hours with social media, so if someone wants to take legal action that could take weeks or even months," says Villasenor. "And in many cases, the damage may have already been done."Read more: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tim-cook-stanford-commencement-speech-2019-6">Apple CEO Tim Cook called out companies like Facebook, Theranos, and YouTube in a speech pushing for responsibility in Silicon Valley</a>According to Farhadi, one of the most efficient ways to address the issue is to build systems that can distinguish a deepfake from a genuine video. This can be done by using algorithms that are similar to those that have been developed to create deepfakes in the first place, since that data can be used to train the detectors. But that may not be very helpful for detecting more sophisticated deepfakes as they continue to evolve, says Sean Gourley, the founder and CEO of Primer AI, a machine intelligence firm that builds products for analyzing large data sets. "You can kind of think of this like zero-day attacks in the cybersecurity space," says Gourley. "The zero-day attack is one that no one's seen before, and thus has no defenses against." As is often the case with cybersecurity, it can be difficult for those trying to solve issues and patch bugs to remain one step ahead of malicious actors. The same goes for deepfakes, says Villasenor."It's sort of an arms race," he says. "You're always going to be a few steps behind on the detection." <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-verizon-att-charge-more-extra-mobile-data-unlimited-plan-2019-6">Here's why phone companies like Verizon and AT&amp;T charge more for extra data</a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

There's a terrifying trend on the internet that could be used to ruin your reputation, and no one knows how to stop it

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image">REUTERS/Steve MarcusDaniel S. Loeb</div></div></div>Hedge fund manager Daniel Loeb says that anticipating a rate hike from the Fed is like "Waiting for Godot" referring to Samuel Beckett's play where two friends wait for a friend to show up and he never does. 
For a while now, the chatter in the investing world has been about when the first rate hike will happen.
After years of waiting, economists now expect the Fed will begin hiking in the middle of 2015.
But until that happens, we wait. 
"We believe we are entering a decisive period and normalized Third Quarter economic growth will mark a key inflection point," Loeb writes in his fund's <a href="http://www.thirdpointpublic.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Third-Point-Q2-2014-Investor-Letter-TPOI.pdf">second quarter investor letter</a>. "Until then, anticipating a rate hike has been like waiting for Godot. If growth is approximately 3% during the second half of this year, we expect the market will look to the Fed to take action in early 2015. If growth moves closer to 2%, the Fed is likely to remain on hold for longer. While typically markets have applauded that course of action, at current S&amp;P multiples, lower growth could instead cause a modest de-rating as corporate earnings growth will likely disappoint."
So far this year, Third Point is up 6% year-to-date, while the S&amp;P is up 7.1%.

DAN LOEB: Anticipating A Fed Rate Hike Is Like Waiting For A Friend Who Never Shows Up

Scott Olson/Getty: Traders in the Standard &amp; Poor's 500 stock index options pit at the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) fill orders shortly before the close of trading on October 28, 2015 in Chicago, Illinois.What a difference a couple of months make.The year kicked off with investors again predicting this was the year Treasury bond yields would finally, after so many false starts, dart higher as the Federal Reserve raised official borrowing costs.Instead, the bond market has parted ways with equities big league, with lower yields signaling the sort of concern about the country's economic prospects and companies profit margins that is starkly absent from a giddy, record-loving stock market."Not long ago we were often asked why our 2.5% end-March 2017 forecast for 10-year US Treasury yields was so low," write Goldman Sachs strategists Francesco Garzarelli and Rohan Khanna in a research note. "Now, the most recurrent questions are how much further can bond yields fall?" Also: What will make them move higher?Treasury bonds are considered a safe haven investment and their yields move opposite to their price. Despite slightly <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/bond-market-update-following-french-election-april-24-2017-4">higher yields following the French election,</a> 10-year benchmark rates stood around 2.30%, below a post-election peak near 2.60%. Stocks, in contrast, have defied gravity, chasing frequent new record highs despite concerns about firms' profitability, a weak investment backdrop and the prospect of additional interest rate increases from the Federal Reserve.In order to highlight the bearish trend in the US government bond market, the Goldman analysts contrast its moves with those of its comparable foreign counterparts."In the big picture, US Treasuries have represented a bearish force for global fixed income since last June, and particularly since the election of President Trump," the Goldman strategists write. "<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/trumps-economic-agenda-may-be-over-before-it-started-2017-3">More clouds have gathered over the size and the timing of the Trump Administration's fiscal expansion</a>, and the news on the inflation front has been more mixed of late."Goldman SachsAs for the matter of when yields might actually turn higher, Garzarelli and Khanna are telling clients the pace of Fed tightening will be key: "The level of US yields is ultimately set by the Fed, the only major central bank that we expect to tighten policy this year and next."For Wall Street traders, prepping for bond yields to rise has been like waiting for Godot. But they'll keep doing it. <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/pepsi-ad-starring-kendall-jenner-response-outrage-twitter-2017-4">People are outraged by a Pepsi ad starring Kendall Jenner - here's how the company responded</a></h3> Please enable Javascript to watch this video

Goldman Sachs is sounding the alarm on a crucial barometer for the markets

In their efforts to make their research notes a bit more informal and approachable, Wall Street analysts often use cliches and colloquialisms.We often hear names like "Goldilocks" and "Godot" used to characterize the economy and the bond markets. We'll even hear more modern pop culture references like <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/btigs-2015-sp-500-forecast-2200-2014-12">Britney Spears</a> and <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/zervos-turn-down-for-what-2014-7">Lil' Jon</a>.But in what may be the most desperate and cringe-worthy attempt to get clients to click, analysts have folded the erotic thriller "50 Shades of Grey" into their notes.Unfortunately, these notes have been a bit of a bait-and-switch. There is no sex in these notes. We've read them.<h2>The first note landed in the BI inbox <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/ubs-50-shades-of-tightening-2015-2">from UBS</a>.</h2><div class="KonaFilter image-container"><div class="image"></div></div><h3>&#xa0;</h3><h2>And then there was TD Securities, also going down the monetary policy route.</h2><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div><h3>&#xa0;</h3><h2>And here's Goldman Sachs, trying raise the temperature on asset allocation.</h2><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image"></div></div></div>We can't wait for this to blow over. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/excel-index-match-vlookup-video-how-to-2015-2">This is what separates the Excel masters from the wannabes</a></h3> <div> <div> <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="50YnY4czr4ms1vJ7yz3xzq0excz_pUMs" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div> </div> </div> </div>

'50 Shades of Grey'-themed research notes are sweeping Wall Street

<div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image">Reuters / Luke MacGregor</div></div></div><ul class="summary-list"><li>Larry Hatheway, the chief economist at $145 billion GAM Investments, says the US stock market has reached a stage where it's beyond its peak.</li><li>Perhaps more ominously, he warns that there's no equity market anywhere in the world capable of stepping up and filling to void left by the US.</li><li>Hatheway outlines his thoughts in an op-ed provided exclusively to Business Insider.</li></ul>Slumping global equity markets in October have surprised investors. The biggest puzzle is what caused the sell-off. What do markets know now that they didn't know a few months ago?Trade wars and their potential escalation? Uncertainty about US mid-term elections? China slowing? Fed hikes? Italy's fiscal rule-breaking? Angela Merkel's political woes? A strong dollar? Higher oil prices? Hard Brexit? Nope, nothing new there.About the only 'new news' in October is the Saudi Arabia imbroglio. Yet few investors ascribe the global equity meltdown to Saudi Arabia alone.While it is fashionable to blame large market sell-offs on 'technicals' - algorithmic trading or index trackers dumping ETFs - that can't be the whole story. If the market decline isn't fundamental, then opportunity exists to buy at knock down prices. Yet the reluctance of stock pickers to move in suggests they sense something is awry.More likely, we've entered 'post-peak.' The best of growth and earnings is over. If so, then the litany of troublesome policies and politics begins to matter.Put differently, when things are good and getting better, it's easy to climb the wall of worry. When things stop getting better, the metaphor becomes Wiley Coyote in thin air a few feet from the edge of another wall - the face of the Grand Canyon.But is it true that we've passed peak growth and peak earnings?It looks that way. Consider first global growth.In the US, economic activity peaked mid-year. Softness is now showing up in housing and autos. Real short rates are edging back toward positive territory (deflated by core inflation). The boost to corporate spending from tax cuts and deregulation is happening now. It will fade next year. Corporate taxes won't be cut again and the low hanging fruit of deregulation by executive order has been picked.Most important, the US economy is at full employment, with trend growth around 2.5%, not 4.2% (the Q2 rate of GDP growth), nor 3.5% (the Q3 rate of GDP growth). From here, either growth slows or inflation accelerates. And if the latter happens, the Fed will hike rates even faster to ensure growth slows.Can China replace the US as the world's growth locomotive? That's unlikely for two reasons. First, China gets less bang for an additional buck (renminbi) of easing. Second, China is now relaxing credit policy to offset the risk that exports will shrivel as trade conflict with the US intensifies. That's hardly reassuring. China is girding itself for the worst, not preparing for compromise.As for Europe, Japan or the rest of the emerging economies the lesson is age-old. They follow, not lead, the global business cycle. Investors could spend less time waiting for Godot.Still, the bulls might counter, what about profits? Aren't we in a golden age of profitability? Surely that will lure investors back into equities.True, for the US and Japan the past decade has seen profit share in GDP, return on capital and a host of other earnings metrics scale heights never before seen in the post-war period.Unfortunately, the best is past in the US. The share of corporate profits in US GDP peaked at 12.6% in Q2 2012, where it then hovered for a few years. Over the last two years, however, it has been falling and is now nearly two percentage points below its cyclical peak.Why? Largely because firms have already squeezed as much as they can out of labour - capturing the bulk of productivity gains for the bottom line. Wages are beginning to rise, while productivity lags. Energy costs are also rising, as is the cost of debt finance. Lastly, as various companies have recently noted, tariffs are pushing up prices for selected inputs.Post-peak US profits is unnerving because in 2018 US equities have been the only game in town. So will any equity market replace the US?Japan is quietly enjoying a remarkable decade-long rise in corporate profits - but can anyone imagine Japan, alone, leading global equity markets higher? Europe and emerging markets have consistently failed to deliver on earnings and without an (unlikely) acceleration of economic growth that won't change.In sum, when times were good and getting better, markets could tolerate shabby politics and dubious economic policy, as well as Fed tightening. Post-peak, that's proving too much to ask.So while it would be nice to think that the rest of the world can grab the market leadership baton from the US, or that value can replace growth as the driver of equity returns, that's unlikely so long as Washington, London, Rome, and a few other places don't start putting wrongs to right. <div class="margin-top"> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-you-shouldnt-be-afraid-to-fly-2016-10">Why you shouldn't be afraid to fly, according to a pilot with over 20 years of experience </a></h3> <div> </div> </div>

A $145 billion chief economist says the US market is past its peak - and warns there's nothing else in the world that can step in to take its place

Serial entrepreneur Elon Musk is <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-begins-digging-tunnel-los-angeles-2017-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">making headway</a> on his plan to dig tunnels underneath Los Angeles.Musk tweeted Wednesday that the Boring Company, his latest venture led by SpaceX engineer Steve Davis, had begun digging under LA's Interstate 105.<h2>Here's what you need to know about the project:</h2>ScreenshotThe Boring Company is using its own tunnel boring machine, named Godot.<a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/810108760010043392?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&amp;ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Felon-musk-tunnel-plans-los-angeles-2017-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Musk said</a> on Twitter in December that he wanted to build a tunnel boring machine because LA traffic was driving him "nuts."Musk, however, was considering building a tunnel even before he got stuck in LA traffic.Hawthorne City Manager Arnie Shadbehr told <a href="http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20170125/elon-musk-wants-to-start-digging-a-traffic-relieving-tunnel-in-hawthorne-in-a-month-or-so" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The Los Angeles Daily News</a> in January that Musk had been working with city officials for a year to build a bridge or tunnel.Musk wanted to use a bridge or tunnel so that employees could easily cross Crenshaw Boulevard, which separates the SpaceX parking lot from the SpaceX campus building, Shadbehr said.In fact, Musk tweeted about his plans for a tunnel just a few hours after three SpaceX employees were hit by a car crossing Crenshaw Boulevard after a day's work, <a href="http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Hit-and-Run-Video-Hawthorne-Crosswalk-Search-SpaceX-408680785.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NBC Los Angeles</a> reported at the time.<a href="https://www.boringcompany.com/media/hr780dyj132kis9tzyk8eayp9a7wrv">Boring company</a>A rendering of a passenger vehicle that could carry pedestrians on a tunnel's electric skate.Musk doesn't need permission to dig on the SpaceX property, but will need permits and more extensive approval to extend the tunnel beyond the SpaceX property line.The Boring Company has completed the first segment of the project on SpaceX's property, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-begins-digging-tunnel-los-angeles-2017-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Musk said</a> Wednesday.The Tesla and SpaceX CEO's ultimate goal is to build as many as 30 layers of tunnels beneath Interstate 105. Musk has said the tunnels would transport cars on an electric skate and could even accommodate a Hyperloop.The skate would propel cars through the tunnel at a maximum speed of 130 mph - fast enough to get from Westwood to Los Angeles in five minutes, Musk said.<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-los-angeles-mayor-tunnel-2017-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Musk said</a> last Monday that he had "promising conversations" with Mayor Eric Garcetti about the project.Los Angeles is contemplating the addition of an express train that would travel between Los Angeles International Airport and Union Station, a main transit hub that connects Los Angeles to distant suburbs. <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-los-angeles-mayor-tunnel-2017-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Garcetti said</a> he was considering using Musk's tunnel to support the rail connection.AP Photo/Ric FrancisElon Musk's tunnel could transport people and vehicles to Los Angeles International Airport, pictured above.Musk is juggling quite a few projects on top of the Boring Company, including Tesla's upcoming Model 3 launch and the rollout of a solar roof product. He also launched an artificial-intelligence company, Neuralink, while being the CEO of SpaceX and Tesla.But Musk said the Boring Company was taking only "2 or 3 percent" of his time. Interns and Tesla employees are working part-time on the project.Tunnel-boring is a notoriously expensive process. The Boring Company is looking to cut down costs by building a machine that can dig and place reinforcements in the wall at the same time, Musk said. Tunneling machines traditionally dig for half the time and then go back to add reinforcements, a longer and costlier process.Musk said the Boring Company would also cut costs by improving the power and thermal limit of its tunneling machine by "a factor of four or five.""We have a pet snail called Gary. ... So Gary is capable of currently going 14 times faster than a tunnel boring machine," Musk said. "We want to beat Gary. He is not a patient little fellow, and that will be victory."Get the latest Tesla stock price<a href="http://markets.businessinsider.com/stock/TSLA-Quote"> here.</a> <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-says-first-boring-company-tunnel-segment-complete-2017-6">Elon Musk says the first Boring Company tunnel segment is complete</a></h3> Please enable Javascript to watch this video

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