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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Jamie Lee Curtis credits her long marriage to "perseverance, patience, gentleness, and a really good dose of hatred."</li><li>The actor married filmmaker Christopher Guest in 1984, and they have two daughters.</li></ul><a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jamie-lee-curtis-says-she-doesnt-think-about-future-aging-2024-1">Jamie Lee Curtis</a> said the key to her 40-year-long marriage with filmmaker Christopher Guest is not to leave — even when they hate each other.Speaking to <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.etonline.com/media/videos/jamie-lee-curtis-says-key-to-40-year-marriage-to-christopher-guest-is-a-good-dose-of">Entertainment Tonight</a> on Sunday after winning a Creative Arts Emmy for her guest role on "The Bear," Curtis said she learned the phrase, "If you stay on the bus, the scenery will change," while <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jamie-lee-curtis-celebrates-25-years-sober-opiates-2024-2">overcoming alcoholism</a>. She explained that the same is true in marriage."Like all of a sudden, you literally wanna hate each other. And the next day, it's a pretty sunny day, and the dog does something cute, and your child does something cute, and you look at each other, and you're like, 'aw, gosh,' and then you're on another track," Curtis, 65, said.She added that "perseverance, patience, gentleness, and a really good dose of hatred" is what she thinks makes a marriage work.The "<a target="_blank" rel="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-best-movie-of-the-year-2022-12">Everything Everywhere All at Once</a>" star said actor Marlo Thomas and the <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/phil-donahue-daytime-talk-show-host-obituary-2024-8">late Phil Donahue</a> published a book on long marriages, "What Makes a Marriage Last: 40 Celebrated Couples Share with Us the Secrets to a Happy Life."Thomas and Donahue, who had been married for 44 years, asked Curtis what she thought the secret to a long marriage was. Curtis said she replied, "The amount you can hate each other and stay in it."Curtis recalled asking if she was the first to bring up hating her spouse. She said Thomas replied, "Mmmhmm.""I said, well, that's the truth. You're going to hate each other," Curtis said, adding, "We're human beings.""And so, not leaving. Not allowing that hatred to then cause you to make some choice that you're gonna regret. I think that's really the secret," she said.In an essay that Curtis wrote for <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://people.com/movies/jamie-lee-curtis-essay-lessons-from-halloween-character-exclusive/">People</a> in 2022, she recalled opening an issue of Rolling Stone in 1984 and seeing Guest in a story. She said, "I'm gonna marry that guy," — and six months later, she did. The couple went on to have two daughters, Annie, 37, and Ruby, 28.In 2015, Curtis told <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.today.com/popculture/jamie-lee-curtis-has-awesome-advice-staying-married-dont-get-t45481">Today</a> that her marriage advice was not to get divorced. "It's a fascinating thing," she said. "I could write a book on marriage called 'Don't Leave.'"<h2 id="74c5d590-198d-4278-b0ed-4179069e53a7">The science of loving and hating your partner</h2>A marriage is not always rainbows and butterflies — and research has shown that that's normal.In a <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550614541297">2014 study</a> published in the Social Psychological and Personality Science, researchers asked 37 participants to think about their significant other and then report their positive and negative feelings about the person. Although participants were quick to categorize positive words after seeing their partners' names, they associated negative words with them faster.The researchers concluded that people don't love or hate their partners. Rather, they love and hate them.And while hatred can sometimes manifest as criticism, there are ways to keep a relationship from too much negativity. Avigail Lev, a San Francisco therapist, <a target="_blank" class="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/signs-of-strong-marriage-couples-therapist-2024-8">previously told Business Insider</a> that couples can follow psychologist John Gottman's "magic ratio of 5:1."Based on the ratio, Gottman advised couples to follow up with five positive interactions for every negative interaction. Lev said an example is giving five compliments for every criticism you give your partner."We don't have to decrease criticisms," Lev said. "We just add more appreciation and gratitude."A representative for Curtis didn't immediately respond to a request for comment from Business Insider sent outside business hours.

Jamie Lee Curtis said the secret to her 40-year-marriage is a 'really good dose of hatred' 

<ul><li>The Indian immunisation panel is discussing a fourth dose of <keyword id="8764262" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="covid" source="Orion">Covid</keyword> vaccine, or a <keyword id="10424474" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="second-booster-dose" source="Orion">second booster dose</keyword>. </li><li>India started its booster or precaution dose drive in January 2022 and has so far inoculated over 15 crore Indians in the age group of 15-59 years. </li><li>Only 28% of the eligible population in India have received the first <keyword id="2825536" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="booster-dose" source="Orion">booster dose</keyword> so far.</li></ul>Covid-19 cases are once again <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/indias-case-tally-of-new-omicron-variant-xbb-1-5-reaches-five-heres-what-you-need-to-know/articleshow/96704832.cms">rising across various parts</a> of the world and the Indian government has already started taking precautionary measures. As India has also reported cases of new variants like XBB.1.5, BF.7, the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) is considering to roll out a second booster dose or fourth dose of Covid vaccine for the Indian population. “Discussions have started on the matter of opening a second booster among members of the technical group. There is a section that is keen on allowing another booster dose. They will be minutely going through all the scientific data before making any recommendations,” an expert on one of the committees of NTAGI <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/discussions-begin-in-govt-panel-on-2nd-booster-dose-101672684219149.html">said</a>. Last week, doctors of <keyword id="6365835" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-Medical-Association" source="Orion">Indian Medical Association</keyword> (IMA), in a discussion with the union health minister <keyword id="2607815" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="mansukh-mandaviya" source="Orion">Mansukh Mandaviya</keyword>, suggested that the government must approve a fourth Covid-19 vaccine for people. <a href="https://www.healthnavigator.org.nz/medicines/c/covid-19-vaccine-booster/">New Zealand</a> is one such country which has approved a second booster dose for people at increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19. The second booster dose is offered at least six months after the previous dose or three months after a COVID-19 infection. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="Booster dose coverage" comment="subhead" text="Booster dose coverage">Booster dose coverage</cmsannotation> Amid Covid fears, the government is also taking steps to boost the coverage of the first booster dose in the country. India started its booster or precaution dose drive in January 2022 and has given 15 crore booster doses to people in the age group of 15-59 years; and over 69 crore in the age group of 60 plus years, according to <a href="https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/CummulativeCovidVaccinationReport06Jan2023.pdf">data</a> by <keyword id="210071" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="ministry-of-health" source="Orion">ministry of health</keyword>. As of January 6, 2023, around 92 crore adults have taken their first dose, while 86 crore vaccines have been administered a second dose in India. Additionally, over 6 crore children aged between 15-18 years have received the first dose, and over 5 crore children in this age group have received the second dose. In the age group of 12 to 14, around 4 crore children have received the first dose, and 3 crore have received the second dose. Other than Covaxin (by Bharat Biotech) and Covishield (by Serum Insitute of India), the government has also approved two more vaccines — Corbevax (by Biological E) and a nasal vaccine named as <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/covid-19-nasal-vaccine-bharat-biotechs-incovacc-is-the-first-approved-intranasal-vaccine-in-the-world/slidelist/96542239.cms">iNCOVACC</a> (by Bharat Biotech) as booster dose. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="People reluctant to take booster dose" comment="subhead" text="People reluctant to take booster dose">People reluctant to take booster dose</cmsannotation> Even as discussions around the fourth vaccine are going on, people in various states are reluctant to get their precaution doses. In fact, as per <a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/discussions-begin-in-govt-panel-on-2nd-booster-dose-101672684219149.html">reports</a>, currently only 28% of the eligible population in India has taken the first booster dose. The West Bengal health department also saw the number of booster dose nosedive, which led to 80,000 Covaxin vaccines expiring by December last year. As per <a href="https://ians.in/news/public-reluctance-to-go-for-covid-booster-dose-worries-bengal-govt/C-1-1550083.html">IANS</a>, the WB health department said that over seven crore people went for the first dose, but the number slid down for the second dose. However, when it came to the third dose aka the booster dose, the number fell to just 1.5 crore. The department official also said this reluctance of people will further lead to more expiration of Covid-19 vaccines in January. A <a href="https://ians.in/news/over-6-in-10-indians-avoiding-covid-booster-due-to-heart-attack-fears-report/C-1-1545504.html">LocalCircles survey</a> also revealed that 64% of Indians are reluctant to take the booster dose of Covid vaccine. The major reason cited by people is rising cases of heart attacks in young people. However, as cases are rising the demand for Covid-19 vaccine seems to be surging and in fact, states like Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh reported a vaccine shortage. "Since the Covid cases had dropped drastically, people had started taking Covid-19 lightly and were less enthusiastic in taking booster doses, so the government, too, was keeping a low stock. As of Monday (December 26) there are 35,000 vaccine bottles available with the state government," <a href="https://ians.in/news/sudden-surge-in-demand-for-vaccine-leads-to-shortage-in-gujarat/C-1-1546640.html">said</a> Nilam Patel, additional director (Health), government of Gujarat. Patel further said, “Till the first week of December (2022), on an average 3,000 vaccinations were taking place on a daily basis but since December 15, all of a sudden, people were turning up in large numbers to take the booster dose." Similarly, the health department of Uttar Pradesh also reported that four government vaccine centres ran out of Covid vaccines, on Wednesday, January 4. However, the department has placed a fresh order of the Covid-19 vaccines and expects it to come by next week. "More than 10 lakh vaccines will be arriving in the state shortly to fulfill the demand across the state. We are also monitoring the COVID-19 situation," Brajesh Pathak, Deputy Chief Minister of UP told <a href="https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/uttar-pradesh-lucknow-government-hopital-run-out-of-covid-doses-india-15580451.htm">PTI</a>. A new <a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/covid-outbreak-live-news-coronavirus-india-china-cases-latest-updates-5-january-2023/liveblog/96752025.cms">report</a> also reveals that around 11 types of Covid-19 variant were found in India, when testing international passengers at airports, seaports and landports between December 24 and January 3. (With inputs from PTI and IANS) SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/kreditbee-closes-200-million-series-d-from-advent-international-mufg-bank-others/articleshow/96791309.cms">KreditBee closes $200 million Series D from Advent International, MUFG Bank, others</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/reliance-makes-open-offer-to-acquire-26-stake-in-lotus-chocolate/articleshow/96791043.cms">Reliance makes open offer to acquire 26% stake in Lotus Chocolate</a>

India mulls 2nd Covid booster even as coverage of first dose remains feeble

<ul class="summary-list"><li>I've hated cottage cheese ever since I was a little kid.</li><li>It's a great source of protein, and TikTok is obsessed with using it in viral recipes.</li></ul>When I was a kid, my parents had me try <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/which-brand-has-best-cottage-cheese-grocery-store-ranking">cottage cheese</a>. After all, I was already the "mouse" of the family, nibbling on slices of Havarti and cheddar any chance I could get. Logically, I might as well try a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/guides/health/diet-nutrition/healthiest-cheese">healthier alternative</a> to deep-fried mozzarella sticks.Since then, cottage cheese has been one of my greatest food foes. For a long time, my hatred of it had no impact on my life: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/07/16/423207704/the-fall-of-a-dairy-darling-how-cottage-cheese-got-eclipsed-by-yogurt">cottage cheese peaked in popularity in the 1970s</a>, so I almost never encountered it save the rare brunch menu.That all changed recently, as <a target="_blank" href="https://thetakeout.com/best-cottage-cheese-ideas-new-popularity-gen-z-tiktok-1850585812">TikToks started incorporating cottage cheese into</a> everything from <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/cottage-cheese-cookie-dough-viral-tiktok-recipe-photos-2023-7">cookie dough</a> to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/viral-tiktok-cottage-cheese-mustard-recipe-actually-good-2023-7">dipping sauce</a>. At 23-28 grams of protein per cup (and only about 200 calories), cottage cheese can help you <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/best-muscle-building-snacks-post-workout-meal-dietitian-2023-7">build muscle</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/best-high-protein-foods-for-weight-loss-2019-2">lose weight</a>. Unfortunately, I do care about <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/realized-protein-intake-was-low-when-began-weightlifting-2023-12">getting more protein, now that I strength-train</a>. So, reluctantly, I decided to try it in three recipes: scrambled eggs, pasta sauce, and chocolate mousse.<h2>I made the TikTok-viral high-protein pasta sauce first</h2>Some of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/search?q=cottage%20cheese%20pasta&amp;t=1713807539065">most popular recipes</a> involve blending cottage cheese with your pasta sauce of choice. I started with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.eatingbirdfood.com/cottage-cheese-pasta/">a straightforward recipe</a> involving marinara.<div type="image" title="A blender with marinara sauce and cottage cheese next to a jar of Carbone sauce." height="1571" width="1181" msid="109573201" hostid="261" sizebytes="148820"></div>The preparation was easy enough: while my pasta boiled, I chopped up some garlic and threw it in with cottage cheese, jarred pasta sauce, and seasoning into a blender. Then I just combined everything and added a sprinkle (seven handfuls) of Parmesan.<div type="image" title="A close up of cottage cheese pasta" height="1998" width="1512" msid="109573202" hostid="261" sizebytes="251954"></div>I dreaded the first bite, eyeing visible granules of cottage cheese. But, the cottage cheese had no taste.It was texturally the same as ricotta and offered as much protein, but was less caloric — I wouldn't have known the difference. It just added a little extra creaminess, and I felt a little more satiated eating the pasta than if it were just plain red sauce.<div type="image" title="Side by side images of cottage cheese pasta" height="900" width="1200" msid="109573203" hostid="261" sizebytes="127916"></div>I made this a few times since, adding extra protein via seitan and protein-enriched pasta because, as a burgeoning gym rat, obsessively counting macros is my life now.Rating: A-. It takes a little extra prep work, but otherwise it's an easy weeknight dinner with an extra dose of protein. I'll definitely try this again with other sauces like pesto, just to change it up.<h2>The eggs improved my gains in the gym</h2><div type="image" title="Eggs, cottage cheese, salt, and pepper in a bowl" height="1780" width="1339" msid="109573204" hostid="261" sizebytes="92686"></div>In a conversation at the gym about (you guessed it) eating more protein, a few of my weightlifting classmates brought up cottage cheese eggs. I knew I had to try them.Eggs are blander than tomato sauce, so the chances my taste buds would come in direct contact with cottage cheese were high. Ugh.I found a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.skinnytaste.com/high-protein-scrambled-eggs-with-cottage-cheese/">scrambled eggs recipe</a> that was impossible to mess up: I just had to whisk cottage cheese with eggs, salt, and pepper, then throw everything onto a skillet for a few minutes.Pouring this vomit-like concoction into a pan took my distaste to a new level.<div type="image" title="On left, pouring the cottage cheese egg mixture into the pan. On right, the eggs starting to cook." height="900" width="1200" msid="109573205" hostid="261" sizebytes="99174"></div>After I was done, the consistency felt like a velvety fusion between scrambled and a cheesy omelet.<div type="image" title="A plate of cottage cheese scrambled eggs and toast." height="1515" width="1512" msid="109573206" hostid="261" sizebytes="159816"></div>It was so good that I texted my group chat immediately. One of my friends dubbed me a "cottage cheese convert." And it's true! I genuinely enjoyed every bite and felt full for hours.Best of all, I noticed myself lifting heavier when I went to the gym later that day. I also didn't feel ravaged with hunger after I finished.<div type="image" title="Cottage cheese scrambled eggs with Sriracha, Japanese BBQ sauce, and black sesame seeds." height="1851" width="1512" msid="109573207" hostid="261" sizebytes="165392"></div>I've since made these eggs a few times, adding drizzles of Sriracha and Japanese BBQ sauce to give them a cute little outfit. In the future, I'll add some veggies or throw in a side of lox to zhush it up even more.Rating: A+. It's easy to make, easy to customize, has about 27 grams of protein (per three eggs and 1/3 cup cottage cheese) — and still no cottage cheese flavor.<h2>People love this low-sugar, high-protein chocolate mousse — but it tasted like cement</h2>Lastly, I wanted to try cottage cheese in a dessert. I opted for a <a target="_blank" href="https://nadiashealthykitchen.com/chocolate-cottage-cheese-pudding-high-protein-healthy/">high-protein mousse</a> involving protein powder.<div type="image" title="On left: cottage cheese, oats, tahini, cocoa powder, milk, and protein powder in a blender. On right: a chocolate-y mousse in the blender." height="900" width="1200" msid="109573208" hostid="261" sizebytes="97658"></div>In a blender, I added the cottage cheese, protein powder, cocoa powder, tahini, oats, and almond milk. I also melted some oat milk chocolate as a topper and sprinkled some pistachios to finish.The mousse was fluffy but very thick, closer to the consistency of wet cement. It took me a good 15 minutes to wrangle it out of the blender and scoop it into little cups. I should've followed my gut and added more milk than the recipe called for.<div type="image" title="Chocolate cottage cheese mousse in a cup." height="951" width="1512" msid="109573210" hostid="261" sizebytes="105650"></div>Taste-wise, it was just OK, mostly because the protein powder was prominent and I loathe the flavor of sugar substitutes like Stevia (if you're going to pretend you're sugar, at least be good at it!)Eating this felt like a punishment, but I don't want to slander poor cottage cheese: she did no wrong here. She is versatile. She is the backbone. She did everything she could to make this work.<div type="image" title="A spoonful of cottage cheese chocolate mousse." height="1373" width="1512" msid="109573211" hostid="261" sizebytes="96584"></div>Rating: C-. It has potential, but uses up a lot of cottage cheese and protein powder for me to keep experimenting.I doubt I'll make this mousse again, but if I did, I would just use regular sugar and chocolate. Then again, maybe I don't need to turn every meal into a protein gains party. When I'm incorporating an ingredient that revolts me in its naked form for the sake of being healthier, my reward can just be a normal dessert.

I hate cottage cheese but I tried stirring it into my meals for an extra dose of protein. I felt my gym performance improve.

As of now no second Covid-19 booster dose is required, said government sources amid an apparent increase in Covid-19 cases. "First we have to complete the booster drive in the country," said the government sources. India's active caseload currently stands at 2,582, with 134 new cases recorded in the last 24 hours, as per <keyword id="83655" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="union-health-ministry" source="Orion">Union Health Ministry</keyword> data. As per ministry data, a total of 220.11 cr vaccine doses (95.13 cr <keyword id="7334317" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="second-dose" source="Orion">Second Dose</keyword> and 22.41 cr <keyword id="12813770" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="precaution-dose" source="Orion">Precaution Dose</keyword>) have been administered so far under <keyword id="10580665" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="nationwide-vaccination-drive" source="Orion">Nationwide Vaccination Drive</keyword>. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/series-creators-want-more-money-after-ads-appear-on-netflix/articleshow/96700323.cms">Series creators want more money after ads appear on Netflix</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/pope-benedict-xvi-a-man-at-odds-with-the-modern-world-who-leaves-a-legacy-of-intellectual-brilliance-and-controversy/articleshow/96699003.cms">Pope Benedict XVI: A man at odds with the modern world who leaves a legacy of intellectual brilliance and controversy</a>

No second Covid-19 booster dose required: Govt sources

<ul><li> Nearly 600 million more people in India will become eligible for getting the COVID-19 vaccine on May 1.</li><li>At the time, at least 40 million people will be eligible for their second dose and that number would rise every passing day, adding over 65 million people by the end of May.</li><li>According to government guidelines, the second dose needs to be administered within four to eight weeks of the first dose.</li></ul>There will be at least 40 million people eligible for the second dose of COVID-19 vaccine on May 1. According to the Indian government, the interval between the first and second dose should be four to eight weeks. “Most likely, after eight weeks, you should consider your first dose to be a waste of time,” Dr Kunal Sarkar, the chief cardiac surgeon and senior vice chairman of Medica Hospital in Kolkata, told Business Insider. Dr Sarkar’s view echoes the <a href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1706597">government guidelines</a> that said that the second dose of Covishield should be administered “not later than stipulated period of 8 weeks.” While a <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00528-6/fulltext">Lancet study</a> has shown that a longer interval may improve the vaccine’s efficacy, the study itself recommended a 12-week interval between doses. Moreover, the vaccines currently in use are those that have been given emergency approval and it is wise to err on the side of caution especially with new variants of the virus emerging. “With COVAXIN, they maintain that the interval should be four weeks. With Covishield, as per their trial data, even they said four weeks. Then, based on certain experiences in the UK, it was stretched to six weeks,” said Sarkar. “Now, because of the irregularity in supply, it is anybody's guess… By and large, we are afraid if it stretches beyond eight weeks or so, then will the two-dose concept still remain valid? There is no data.” In order to ensure that people who already have the first dose do not get pushed behind in the queue, the Indian government should allow for separate counters and dedicated slots for people who are eligible for the second dose. This would be easier said than done given the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/vaccine-shortage-in-india-18-people-could-not-find-covid-19-dose-when-they-went-for-vaccination-in-first-ten-days-of-april-says-survey/articleshow/82014884.cms">current shortage </a>of vaccine supply across many states. <table style="border-width: initial; border-style: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 468pt;"></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Description </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Number of doses </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Number of first doses given as of April 1 </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">58,354,638 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Number of second doses given between April 2 to April 28 </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">16,572,965 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">10-day average for second dose administration as of April 28 </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">833,782.3 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">People likely to get vaccinated between April 29 and April 30 as per 10-day average </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">1,667,564.6 </td></tr><tr><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">Number of people likely to be eligible for the second dose on May 1 </td><td style="border-left:solid #000000 1pt;border-right:solid #000000 1pt;border-bottom:solid #000000 1pt;border-top:solid #000000 1pt;vertical-align:top;padding:5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;">40,114,108.4 </td></tr></tbody></table>Source: Data from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) On May 1, as the country opens up its vaccination drive to everyone above the age of 18 years, 600 million additional people will become eligible. This could lead to another crisis as another 40 million will already be waiting in the queue for the second dose. And that number will rise with every passing day, as the 65 million people above the age of 45 — who got the first dose after April 1 — complete their stipulated time of four to eight weeks and join the queue for the second dose. If they don’t get vaccinated in time, they will have to begin the vaccination cycle all over again. <div type="image" title="rush of people vaccine_edited" msid="82304037" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;People queue up to get their second dose of Covid-19 vaccine at the Swarna Bharathi Indoor Stadium in Visakhapatnam on April 28&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> According to Dr Marcus Ranney, founder and chief executive of Human Edge, the need to separate the people coming in for vaccination is also important to avoid the spreading of the virus at the centres. “As the window will open to 18-year-olds, they very clearly need to have centres that are earmarked for different populations. If they try and serve everyone from the same place, it’s just going to create chaos and may even fuel a much larger spread,” he told Business Insider. One way to stall the chaos is to prioritise those who need the second shot. Another filter that can be used is to ask those who may have been infected by COVID-19 in recent weeks to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/if-you-have-just-recovered-from-covid-19-experts-say-you-dont-need-to-join-in-on-the-rush-for-vaccination-immediately/articleshow/82302460.cms">stay out of the queue</a>. “What hasn’t been used as well as we could have done is the same methodology used with polio and other types of vaccines, which was more door to door — particularly for the elderly folks,” said Ranney. All in all, the government needs to come out with clear guidelines to ensure no one is left behind, and not one precious dose goes to waste — especially since India has already wasted 4.6 million doses till April 11. <div type="image" title="vaccine queue_edited" msid="82304124" hostid="261" caption="&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;People wait in a long queue to get vaccinated in Visakhapatnam on April 27&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;"></div> <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="There is going to be a crazy rush at vaccination centres in the absence of proper guidelines" comment="subhead" text="There is going to be a crazy rush at vaccination centres in the absence of proper guidelines">There is going to be a crazy rush at vaccination centres in the absence of proper guidelines</cmsannotation> This has become evident from the response to the opening up of online booking of vaccination slots. The government opened up registrations for people between the ages of 18 to 44 on April 28. And, before things could even take off, registration was delayed from midnight to 4:00 pm. According to the government, more than 3.5 million people registered within the first hour of the launch. But when it came to being able to book an appointment, they passed the buck onto state governments and private vaccination centers. When the floodgates opened, the CoWIN app, Aarogya Setu app and UMANG app’s servers crashed. Many of those who got the chance to register via the CoWIN website, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/cowin-website-is-back-up-after-an-early-crash-finding-a-vaccination-slot-may-still-be-difficult/articleshow/82291583.cms">never found an open slot. </a> Even if the government were to take no new bookings, and only focus on those needing second shots at all centres, at the current rate of vaccination, it would take 48 days to just go through that lot. In such a scenario, it is not unimaginable that those who need the second shot never get the slot before their 12-week deadline. <cmsannotation type="cmsannotation" annotationid="The other challenge will be allocating the limited vaccine supplies" comment="subhead" text="The other challenge will be allocating the limited vaccine supplies">The other challenge will be allocating the limited vaccine supplies</cmsannotation> This would not have been a concern if India had enough vaccines to go around for everyone who wants it. However, that’s not the case because the government dragged its feet in placing the orders. On April 23, the government pledged to increase the monthly production of doses to around 100 million doses by September with the rate of immunisation slowing down amid rising cases. When the government opened up jabs for those above the age of 45 from May 1, it had expected the imported lot of Russia’s Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine to arrive by then. While Russia is now sticking to the date, it is not clear how many doses will come in, especially after a brief attempt to <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/exclusive-india-get-russias-sputnik-v-vaccine-only-by-end-may-2021-04-22/">delay the supply</a> to the end of May. Having to repeat the first doses for even one person is a waste of precious resources. Managing a pandemic was never going to be easy. Imagining scenarios and preparing for the possibilities is the only way to keep things from spiraling out of control. The updated version of the story includes additional opinions from Dr Kunal Sarkar and the Lancet study, which recommended an interval of 12 weeks between two vaccine doses. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/cowin-website-is-back-up-after-an-early-crash-finding-a-vaccination-slot-may-still-be-difficult/articleshow/82291583.cms">CoWIN website is back up after an early crash⁠ — finding a vaccination slot may still be difficult</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/covid-19-vaccine-price-sc-wants-the-indian-government-to-explain-about-covishield-and-covaxin-pricing/articleshow/82272913.cms">Supreme Court wants the Indian government to explain vaccine pricing — and clarify how many doses it will need as coverage expands from May 1</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/australia-suspends-incoming-flights-from-india-until-may-15/articleshow/82271595.cms">Australia suspends incoming flights from India until May 15 — IPL cricketers, coaches and broadcasters left in a bind</a>

India may end up wasting millions of COVID-19 vaccine doses if there is no separate queue for second shots

<ul><li>A new study claims that Covid vaccine protection is short-lived.</li><li><keyword id="44612" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="pfizer" source="Orion">Pfizer</keyword> and <keyword id="4912868" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="moderna" source="Orion">Moderna</keyword> vaccines offer a longer duration of protection, says a new study.</li><li>In India, <keyword id="2825536" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="booster-dose" source="Orion">booster dose</keyword> will be available for free from July 15 till the next 75 days</li></ul>Vaccine protection against Covid-19 is short-lived and, therefore, <keyword id="11223232" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="booster-shots" source="Orion">booster shots</keyword> are important, says a new study. "The mRNA vaccines produce the highest levels of antibody response and in our analysis confer more durable protection than other vaccines or exposures," said lead author Jeffrey Townsend from Yale University, in the study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "However, it is important to remember that natural immunity and vaccination are not mutually exclusive. Many people will have partial immunity from multiple sources, so understanding the relative durability is key to deciding when to provide a boost to your immune system," Townsend added. Since Covid-19 vaccines first became available to protect against infection and severe illness, there has been much uncertainty about how long the protection lasts and when it might be necessary for individuals to get an additional booster shot. For the study, the team quantified the likelihood of future infection following natural infection or vaccination by the Moderna, Pfizer, Johnson &amp; Johnson, or Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. The risk of breakthrough infections, in which a person becomes infected despite being vaccinated, depends on the vaccine type. According to the study, current mRNA vaccines (Pfizer, Moderna) offer the greatest duration of protection, nearly three times as long as natural infection and the Johnson &amp; Johnson and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/hdfcs-net-profit-grows-by-19-other-income-grows-by-35/articleshow/92918390.cms">HDFC’s net profit grows by 19%, other income grows by 35%</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/finance/news/rupee-at-80-heres-how-a-falling-rupee-could-impact-indias-current-account-deficit/articleshow/92897064.cms">Rupee at 80: Here’s how a falling Rupee could impact India's current account deficit</a>

Booster shots important says new study as Covid vaccine protection is short-lived

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Opal Sandy, a British toddler, was born deaf due to a faulty gene.</li><li>In a groundbreaking gene therapy trial, she has now regained her hearing.</li></ul>A deaf toddler has had her <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sc/an-executive-found-his-calling-in-singapore-restoring-hearing-for-millions">hearing restored</a> after being the first patient treated in a gene therapy trial.Opal Sandy, who is 18 months old, has auditory neuropathy, a condition caused by a faulty gene.The condition means the ear can detect sound but doesn't transmit it to the brain properly. It can cause degrees of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/i-was-born-with-hearing-loss-and-im-a-singer-2022-10">hearing loss</a>, but in Opal's case, she was fully deaf from birth.Now Opal, who lives in Oxfordshire in England, can hear almost normally thanks to a 16-minute long <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/toddler-first-uk-to-receive-miracle-drug-rare-fatal-disorder-2023-2">gene therapy</a> procedure.Doctors injected Opal's right ear with a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mans-cancer-vanished-after-injection-with-weakened-herpes-virus-2022-9">harmless virus</a> that carried a working version of the faulty gene while she was under general anesthesia.Within four weeks of receiving the gene therapy, Opal could respond to sound. After 24 weeks, she had hearing levels that were "close to normal," <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cuh.nhs.uk/news/baby-born-deaf-can-hear-after-breakthrough-gene-therapy/">according</a> to a press release from Britain's health service.She can hear whispering in her treated ear, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/deaf-2-year-old-had-a-pricelss-reaction-to-hearing-his-moms-voice-2016-6">respond to her parents' voices</a>, and has even begun saying words such as "daddy" and "bye-bye" herself.Around <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/freematerials/Parents_Guide_Genetics_HL_2021_P.pdf">1 in 500</a> babies are born with hearing loss or develop it in early childhood, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the US. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/genetics.html">50 to 60%</a> of this hearing loss is due to genetic causes. The World Health Organization estimates that unaddressed hearing loss represents a global cost of $980 billion a year in costs such as healthcare and educational support.<h2 id="c6f980c1-5793-4a57-85a7-0cf38ec223ef">The "start of a new era"</h2>Auditory neuropathy is caused by a faulty gene and isn't usually detected until a child is 2 to 3 years old, when delays in speech are more noticeable. But Opal's was picked up early through gene testing, which she was eligible for because her older sister has the condition.Usually, auditory neuropathy is treated with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/hearing-loss-cochlear-implant-child-2024-4">implants</a>, but Opal was put on a trial at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, England, which is trialing gene therapy on children.Her treatment was part of phase one of the trial, where children are given a low dose in one ear. Phase two will involve a higher dose, still in one ear, and phase three will move on to treating both ears at a dose deemed safe from the previous phases.Opal was the first patient, treated in September 2023 when she was 11 months old. A second child received the therapy and has seen good results six weeks post-treatment, according to a <a target="_blank" href="https://investor.regeneron.com/news-releases/news-release-details/latest-db-oto-results-show-dramatically-improved-hearing-normal">release</a> from Regeneron, the pharmaceutical company that makes the infusion.Professor Manohar Bance, an ear surgeon and chief investigator of the trial, said the results were "spectacular and better than I expected.""This is hopefully the start of a new era for gene therapies for the inner ear and many types of hearing loss," Bance said.

A deaf toddler can hear thanks to a world-first gene treatment that took just 16 minutes

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Antibiotics start taking effect immediately, but you may not feel symptom relief for a few days.</li><li>Antibiotics treat bacterial infections by either destroying cell walls or preventing reproduction.</li><li>Some antibiotics may also have anti-inflammatory properties that can help other types of illnesses.</li></ul>Antibiotics are a popular group of medicines that help the body fight bacterial infections. In 2017, alone, physicians wrote Americans around <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/community/programs-measurement/state-local-activities/outpatient-antibiotic-prescriptions-US-2017.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">260 million</a> <keyword id="13082953" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="antibiotic" source="Orion">antibiotic</keyword> prescriptions, according to the Center for Disease Control. Here's what you need to know about this essential class of medication.<h2>How do antibiotics work?</h2>Antibiotics treat bacterial infections in a few different ways that involve disrupting various parts of the way bacteria survive and multiply in the human body. Bacteria have cell walls that help protect them against the harsh environment inside you. These cell walls protect the fragile interior that contains the DNA and essential proteins that bacteria use to reproduce asexually. Antibiotics often work in one of three ways:<ol><li>Antibiotics kill bacteria by rupturing the bacteria's protective cell walls or by preventing the cell walls from forming in the first place.</li><li>Antibiotics interfere with bacteria's ability to copy their DNA, which is necessary for reproduction.</li><li>Antibiotics interfere with bacteria's metabolism, which makes it difficult for it to multiply and spread throughout the body.</li></ol><a href="https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/5/192/192ra85" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bactericidal antibiotics</a> are drugs that kill bacteria outright. Examples include penicillin, vancomycin, and cephalosporin. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547678/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bacteriostatic antibiotics</a> are drugs that prevent bacteria from multiplying. Examples include <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535454/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ciprofloxacin</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99026/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tetracycline</a>, and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6356275" target="_blank" rel="noopener">rifamycin</a>.Some antibiotics can <a href="https://amrls.cvm.msu.edu/pharmacology/antimicrobials/effect-on-bacteria" target="_blank" rel="noopener">both kill bacteria and prevent</a> further growth. It just depends on the dose you're prescribed as well as how far your bacterial infection has progressed. <h2>How long do antibiotics take to work?</h2>Antibiotics start working almost immediately. For example, amoxicillin takes about <a href="https://www.drugs.com/tips/amoxicillin-patient-tips" target="_blank" rel="noopener">one hour </a>to reach peak levels in the body. However, a person may not feel symptom relief until later."Antibiotics will typically show improvement in patients with bacterial infections within one to three days," says Kaveh. This is because for many illnesses the body's immune response is what causes some of the symptoms, and it can take time for the immune system to calm down after the harmful bacteria are destroyed.Some antibiotics, such as <a href="https://www.rxlist.com/monurol-drug.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">fosfomycin</a> that's used to treat certain cases of UTIs, work immediately and usually only require one dose. Other antibiotics, including <a href="https://www.rxlist.com/sumycin-drug.htm#dosage" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tetracycline</a> that's used to treat a wide range of conditions from acne to syphilis, may take several weeks of treatment with multiple doses before the patient notices any improvement in symptoms."The timeframe depends on the type of infection and whether the bacteria are susceptible to that particular antibiotic," says Kaveh. <h2>What do antibiotics treat? </h2>Doctors prescribe antibiotics for all types of bacterial infections from minor strep throat or urinary tract infections to severe, life-threatening conditions such as bacterial pneumonia or sepsis."The properties of some antibiotics make them amenable to other medical conditions, as well," says <a href="https://integrated.doctor/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Anthony Kaveh</a>, MD, physician anesthesiologist, and integrative medicine specialist. For example, the quinolone and tetracycline groups of antibiotics are used in <a href="https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936-016-1613-y" target="_blank" rel="noopener">anti-malarial therapy</a>. Important: Scientists agree that antibiotics don't directly affect SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. That's because "antibiotics do not treat viral infections," says Kaveh.Certain antibiotics also have anti-inflammatory effects, which may be useful in treating <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/04/417196/clinical-trial-testing-if-common-anti-inflammatory-drug-reduces-hospitalization" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inflammation</a> caused by a viral infection. However, Kaveh points out that there is still more research to be done about the anti-inflammatory effects of antibiotics.<h2>What antibiotics should I take?</h2>Depending on the type of infection, a physician may prescribe you one of two types of antibiotics: broad-spectrum or narrow-spectrum. Broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria, whereas <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5839511/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">narrow-spectrum antibiotics</a> attack specific types of bacteria.Physicians will often times try to prescribe narrow-spectrum antibiotics when they know which bacteria caused the infection. For example in <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2666503?redirect=true" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pharyngitis</a> caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a physician may prescribe benzylpenicillin. This is because using broad-spectrum antibiotics unnecessarily can contribute to antibiotic resistance. "Unfortunately, the side effects of antibiotics must be taken into account [...]. In particular, bacterial resistance must be considered whenever using antibiotics for non-bacterial infections," says Kaveh.<h2>Can I stop taking antibiotics early?</h2>It's important to complete the full course of antibiotics, even if you begin to feel better beforehand. Because if you discontinue the treatment early you may not eliminate enough bacteria, and the condition could reoccur, as surviving bacteria multiply. Doing so also contributes to the growing issue of <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">antibiotic resistance</a>. However, in the continued battle against antibiotic-resistant superbugs, researchers have started to study the dosage amount. A growing body of evidence suggests that shorter regimes of <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2536189" target="_blank" rel="noopener">antibiotic treatment</a> may be just as effective as the longer courses traditionally prescribed. More research is needed, so you should still complete the full course of antibiotics you're prescribed for an infection.<h2>Insider's takeaway</h2>Antibiotics work to cure bacterial infections by either attacking a bacteria's cell walls, interfering with its DNA to prevent reproduction, or honing in on the metabolism to stop it from spreading.Once you start a course of antibiotics, they will start working almost immediately, though there may still be a delay in symptom relief. The time frame of treatment depends on your diagnosis and how the bacteria react to the antibiotic.Your doctor will prescribe either broad-spectrum antibiotics, which treat a range of bacteria, or narrow-spectrum antibiotics, which target a specific type of bacteria. To prevent a recurrence of the infection, it's important to complete the full course of antibiotics that you're prescribed.

Antibiotics treat infections by killing or sterilizing bacteria right after the first dose

<keyword id="6356806" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="moscow">Moscow</keyword>, <keyword id="6358826" type="LOCATION" weightage="20" keywordseo="Russia">Russia</keyword>'s <keyword id="9739267" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Sputnik-V">Sputnik V</keyword> <keyword id="24209" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="vaccine">vaccine</keyword> is likely to offer two-year-long protection against Covid-19, Alexander Gintsburg, the head of the vaccine's developer, Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, has claimed. "So far, I can only make suggestions, because more experimental data is needed. Our vaccine was created on the platform also used for the Ebola vaccine," he was quoted as saying to the Soloviev Live channel on YouTube by TASS News Agency on Saturday. "Experimental data received at that point demonstrate that a similar vaccine would offer protection for two years, maybe more." According to the Russian scientist, Sputnik V is effective in 96% of cases. The remaining four percent of vaccinated persons will have a mild form of the disease with runny nose, cough and slight fever, but their lungs won't be affected. Registered by Russia on August 11, Sputnik V became the world's first coronavirus vaccine. The vaccine was developed by the Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Its post-registration trials began in Moscow on September 7, with volunteers receiving the first vaccine on September 9. A total of 40,000 people are involved in the programme. According to interim research results, the efficacy of the Sputnik V vaccine exceeds 95% on the 42nd day after the <keyword id="6700138" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="first-dose">first dose</keyword>, provided that a patient receives the second dose. On December 2, Russian President <keyword id="43440" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Vladimir-Putin">Vladimir Putin</keyword> ordered to organise a nationwide vaccination. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/dos-and-donts-during-solar-eclipse-surya-grahan/articleshow/76436997.cms">The do’s and don’ts of a Solar Eclipse — here what you need to know to protect yourself</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/solar-eclipse-december-2020-time-date-everything-you-need-to-know/articleshow/79697355.cms">The total solar eclipse and its 'diamond rings' won't be visible in India on December 14</a>

Sputnik V Covid vax likely to offer 2-year protection: Developers

New Delhi, As India gets readied for a <keyword id="10424473" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="massive-covid-vaccination-programme">massive Covid vaccination programme</keyword>, heath experts on Sunday said that 21 days is an ideal gap between the first and the <keyword id="10424474" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="second-booster-dose">second booster dose</keyword>, and those who get vaccinated have to maintain the same health hygiene as they are supposed to do sans vaccine for a certain time period. Union Health Ministry Secretary Rajesh Bhushan had said that 30 crore people have been listed in prioritised population groups, which involves one crore healthcare workers, two crore personnel from the police department, armed forces, home guard, civil defence organisation and 27 crore people above the age of 50 and below 50 with co-morbidities. The government is expected to roll out its <keyword id="9849917" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="first-vaccines">first vaccines</keyword> in the next few weeks with at least three candidates under the <keyword id="6681091" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="active-consideration">active consideration</keyword> of India's drug regulator. According to Dr Manoj Goel, Director, Pulmonology at Fortis Hospital in Gurugram, after taking the first dose, the second dose has to be ideally taken on the 21st day. "After the vaccination, one can resume their normal day to day activities. In between also, there are no guidelines to sit at home and people can carry on their usual activities by taking the basic precautions like social distancing, wearing a mask and frequent sanitising of hands," Goel told IANS. The Union Health Ministry had said that 1.54 lakh vaccinators or auxiliary nurse midwives will administer the <keyword id="8763838" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="covid-19">Covid-19</keyword> vaccine to people under the universal immunisation programme when the vaccination process begins. According to Dr Jyoti Mutta, Senior Consultant, Microbiology at Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute in New Delhi, there are a number of vaccines which have different schedules and these vaccine schedules are determined by clinical trials. "Talking about Pfizer vaccine in this regard, two doses are suggested 21 days apart and two doses 28 days apart for AstraZeneca vaccine. Also, the proper rest and precautions are suggested during this period in order to avoid infection and proper care," she told IANS. Dr Mutta also stressed that staying at home is not particularly defined as a precautionary measure but complete care is recommended. "Taking precautions like wearing a mask, social distancing and hand hygiene is important to avoid infection," she noted. Dr Neha Gupta, Infectious Diseases Physician at Medanta Hosptial in Gurugram told IANS: "Vaccine requires two doses 21 days apart and usually the protective efficacy is seven days after the second dose. So, patients need to continue precautions after the first dose of vaccine." There are as many as eight <keyword id="8983421" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="Covid-vaccine">Covid vaccine</keyword> candidates under different stages of clinical trials which could be ready for authorisation in near future. The vaccines include Covaxin, Astrazeneca and Oxford university developed and Serum Institute of India manufactured <keyword id="9617748" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="covishield">Covishield</keyword>, ZyCoV-D by Zydus Cadila, Russian vaccine candidate Sputnik-V, NVX-CoV2373 by SII, HGCO19 by Geneva, and two unlabelled vaccines - Recombinant Protein antigen-based vaccine by Biological E Limited and Inactivated rabies vector platform by <keyword id="7330627" type="COMPANY" weightage="20" keywordseo="Bharat-Biotech-Limited">Bharat Biotech Limited</keyword>. Pune-based Serum Institute of India and Hyderabad-based pharmaceutical firm Bharat Biotech have already applied to the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) seeking emergency use authorisation for their potential Covid-19 vaccines. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/dos-and-donts-during-solar-eclipse-surya-grahan/articleshow/76436997.cms">The do’s and don’ts of a Solar Eclipse — here what you need to know to protect yourself</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/solar-eclipse-december-2020-time-date-everything-you-need-to-know/articleshow/79697355.cms">The total solar eclipse and its 'diamond rings' won't be visible in India on December 14</a>

Experts believe COVID-19 vaccine doses need a at least a 21-day gap between them

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="85680" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="Vermont">Vermont</keyword> has administered at least one vaccine dose to nearly 75% of its population.</li><li>That milestone may indicate the state has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/when-will-us-reach-herd-immunity-coronavirus-vaccines-2021-5">reached herd immunity</a>, according to one expert.</li><li>Others think <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/has-coronavirus-reached-peak-fitness-delta-variant-2021-6">the Delta variant</a> might raise the <keyword id="2147226" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="herd-immunity">herd immunity</keyword> threshold.</li></ul>Vermont is set to become the first US state to vaccinate 75% of its population with at least one dose - a milestone that may indicate it has reached herd immunity.For most of the pandemic, herd immunity has been <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/when-will-us-reach-herd-immunity-coronavirus-vaccines-2021-5">a fluctuating - and often elusive - goal</a>. Technically speaking, a population has reached herd immunity when an infected person passes the virus to fewer than one other person, on average. That means the virus can no longer pass easily from person to person.But Dr. Monica Gandhi, an infectious-disease expert at the University of California, San Francisco, considers herd immunity to be the threshold after which <keyword id="8763838" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="covid-19">COVID-19</keyword> cases no longer lead to hospitalizations."Herd immunity is absolutely not eradication," she told Insider. "That is a totally different definition that has been achieved for one pathogen and one pathogen only in the world, which is smallpox."Given that understanding, Gandhi said, she'd wager that states will reach the point at which cases and hospitalizations are no longer linked once 75% of their population has received at least one vaccine dose.No state has crossed that threshold yet, but Vermont has administered at least one dose to 74% of its population. <keyword id="21044" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</keyword> and <keyword id="118728" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="hawaii">Hawaii</keyword> are close as well: Around 70% of their residents have received at least one dose. <h2>Vermont's daily cases have plummeted to single digits </h2><div type="image" title="vermont covid reopening" height="3926" width="5901" msid="84222232" hostid="261"></div>Disease experts generally estimate that 70% to 85% of the US population needs to be vaccinated to reach herd immunity. Many people already have immunity to the virus from a prior infection, but since it's difficult to determine the exact number of people in that group - and experts are still learning how long immunity after infection lasts - the vaccination rate is a more reliable indicator.Vermont doesn't have an official measure of herd immunity, the state's health department told Insider. But a department spokesperson said "we have been seeing the beneficial effects of that high vaccination rate play out across our state."Vermont has recorded just four new <keyword id="1754604" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="coronavirus">coronavirus</keyword> cases per day, on average, in the last week. From May to June, the state's daily case count fell by 84% - its largest month-over-month decrease since the pandemic began. As of Monday, daily tallies had remained in the single digits for the previous 26 days.New hospitalizations, too, have dropped to less than five per day, on average, in Vermont. That's the lowest per-capita hospitalization rate in the country. The state's health department <a href="https://dfr.vermont.gov/sites/finreg/files/doc_library/dfr-covid19-modeling-070621.pdf">predicts</a> that the state will see just three coronavirus deaths or fewer in all of July.Those are the types of trends we can expect from a state that has reached herd immunity, Gandhi said.Massachusetts, similarly, has seen new cases fall roughly 95% in the last month, from an average of 1,050 per day to less than 50. Meanwhile, Hawaii has seen its new daily cases cut in half during that same period, from around 100 to 50.Even if administering first doses to 70% of the population isn't enough to reach herd immunity, Gandhi said, "it certainly is profoundly slowing down the progress of the virus." <h2>Will the Delta variant raise the herd immunity threshold?</h2><div type="image" title="covid delta variant" height="2680" width="4020" msid="84222233" hostid="261"></div>Still, some experts question whether any US state has reached herd immunity now that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/has-coronavirus-reached-peak-fitness-delta-variant-2021-6">the Delta variant</a> is spreading widely. An analysis from Public Health England <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk">found</a> that Delta was associated with a 60% increased risk of household transmission compared with the Alpha variant, though <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/997418/Variants_of_Concern_VOC_Technical_Briefing_17.pdf">more recent estimates</a> suggest the difference is closer to 40%. The Alpha variant is already about <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm">50% more transmissible</a> than the original strain, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.That likely means more people will need to get vaccinated to prevent the virus from spreading easily."Given the increased impact of the Delta variant, it's likely that around 85% of a population will need to be vaccinated into order to cross the herd immunity threshold," Michael Head, a senior research fellow at the University of Southampton, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-coronavirus-surge-delta-variant-low-vaccine-rate-2021-6">recently told Insider</a>. "That's going to be difficult to achieve in many settings."Gandhi, however, doesn't see Delta as a major threat to herd immunity, since it hasn't increased hospitalizations to the same extent as cases. Delta is now the dominant strain in the UK, where 67% of the population has received at least one vaccine dose. The UK's daily coronavirus cases have increased 12-fold in the last two months, from around 30 to 370 cases per day. But its new hospitalizations haven't risen nearly as much - the daily total rose from around 110 in early May to 300 per day at the end of June. Unvaccinated people represent the majority of those hospitalized.That's a good sign for US states that are nearing the 75% vaccination threshold, Gandhi said."It is comforting because you then go from widespread emergency to outbreak management," Gandhi said. "That is getting close to the definition of herd immunity."

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