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<ul><li><keyword id="19895203" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="electric-vehicles" source="keywords">Electric vehicles</keyword> (EVs) are gaining popularity worldwide</li><li>However, concerns remain about their environmental impact</li><li> <keyword id="21881868" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="alternative-fuel" source="keywords">Alternative fuel</keyword> vehicles like hydrogen fuel cells and biofuels are some more alternatives we can tap into</li></ul> Electric vehicles or EVs are in their prime right now, with the demand crossing an all-time high. A trend noticeable around the world, EVs are not only becoming increasingly popular but also fairly affordable. Slowly but surely EVs are overcoming the challenges that crossed them — design, features, safety, and most importantly range. A major credit to this trend can be given to consumer acceptance, policy backing, and improving infrastructure. However, there is a downside to EVs as well. Having featured multiple EVs with our series<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCR3PaYxcmk&amp;t=1s" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank"> Short Spin, </a>I developed a strong reference point. This made me wonder why are we so heavily reliant on them. Over its life cycle, EVs cannot be termed as particularly environmentally friendly, which has been their main selling point over the past few decades. <h2>The ‘Red’ side of EVs</h2> There is a bit of red within the go-green agenda that EV manufacturers push. EVs as a whole do come with benefits like low maintenance, improved efficiency and ultimately lower fuel emissions. However, <keyword id="21357488" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="EV-production" source="keywords">EV production</keyword> and disposal can have detrimental effects on the natural environment. Here are some socio-ecological concerns over EVs: 1. High carbon footprint in battery production: EV battery production is energy-intensive and often relies on electricity from fossil fuels, leading to a high initial carbon footprint. This is elaborated in a story recently published by Earth Org. 2. Resource constraints and ethical concerns: Particularly with the extensive mining of cobalt and other minerals for EVs, there has been a global outcry. Limited availability of critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel, shady mining practices long work hours, unsafe work environments, and use of child labour in underdeveloped parts of the world have raised several ethical issues around the sustainability of EVs. This issue can be explored further in this essay by Al Jazeera. 3. Recycling and end-of-life challenges: EV battery recycling is currently inefficient, costly, and poses significant environmental risks, with a huge amount of batteries ending up in landfills. 4. Manufacturing costs and economic barriers: High production costs, especially for batteries, make EVs more expensive than conventional vehicles and require significant investments in new manufacturing facilities and supply chains. 5. Supply chain and geopolitical risks: Critical mineral resources necessary for EV production are concentrated in a few countries. This leads to vulnerabilities in the complex supply chain and often risks disruptions due to geopolitical tensions, trade conflicts, or natural disasters. China as of today controls 83% of EV battery production in the world, with a major stronghold on the supply chain. While I am in no way suggesting to drop out of EVs, I believe sticking to just one alternative risks replicating the same mistake we did for ICE vehicles. So, what are the alternatives? <h2>The alternates fuel vehicles (<keyword id="23193800" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="AFVs" source="keywords">AFVs</keyword>)</h2> AFVs are a growing segment of the automotive industry that utilize fuels other than traditional gasoline or diesel. These vehicles offer similar potential benefits such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved air quality, and reduced dependence on fossil fuels. While EVs are also a form of AFVs, here we will list out other major alternatives like hydrogen fuel and biofuel options. Hydrogen fuel cells: Convert hydrogen gas into electricity, emitting only water vapour. Currently, <keyword id="19906788" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Toyota" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="Toyota" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="Toyota">Toyota</keyword> and Hyundai are the only hydrogen-based cars in the Indian market. Hydrogen internal combustion engines: These vehicles use hydrogen as a fuel in modified combustion engines. While road-legal vehicles for this fuel type aren’t out, BMW with hydrogen 7 is working on a prototype. Ethanol: This is a renewable fuel made from plant materials, commonly mixed with gasoline. In America, Ford F-150 Flex-Fuel and Chevrolet Silverado Flex-Fuel are utilizing this technology. Biodiesel and renewable diesel: Derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled grease, these fuel types can be used in diesel engines. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): Perhaps the most famous alternative for cabbies in Delhi, CNG is in popular demand. Technically it is used in specially modified internal combustion engines, primarily for lower emissions. Propane (Liquefied Petroleum Gas, LPG): A byproduct of natural gas processing and crude oil refining, used in internal combustion engines. As technology continues to advance, these AFVs are becoming more accessible and affordable, making them a promising option for sustainable transportation. If you are an eco-conscious buyer in today’s auto market, bear in mind that there are options beyond EVs as well. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/mercedes-expands-bev-range-rolls-out-second-locally-produced-model-in-india/articleshow/113388002.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Mercedes expands BEV range; rolls out second locally produced model in India</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/electric-two-wheeler-adoption-in-india-rising-13-share-expected-by-2026-27-jefferies/articleshow/113361787.cms" data-type="tilCustomLink" target="_blank">Electric two-wheeler adoption in India rising, 13% share expected by 2026-27: Jefferies</a>

EVs are not the only options for alternative fuel — make way for hydrogen and bio-fuel

Our experts answer readers' tax questions and write unbiased product reviews (<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/tax-review-board-experts" class="not-content-link" target="_blank">here's how we assess tax products</a>). In some cases, we receive a commission from <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/our-partners" class="not-content-link" target="_blank">our partners</a>; however, our opinions are our own.<ul class="summary-list"><li>Form 1099 is a tax document used to report certain types of income to the IRS.</li><li>There are many different types of 1099 forms that cover a variety of types of income, such as non-employee work and retirement distributions.</li></ul>If you had any sort of income this year, you'll likely be receiving forms reporting that income for the corresponding tax year. The most common is a W-2, since it applies to part-time and full-time employment. But you may also receive a 1099 form if you've earned money from other sources, such as interest from your bank, from investments, contract work, or even disbursement from a retirement fund.See Personal Finance Insider's picks for the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/personal-finance/what-is-best-tax-software" target="_blank" rel="noopener">best tax software</a> &gt;&gt;Here's a look at what 1099 forms are, when you can expect to receive them, and why they are important when you file your taxes.<h2>What is a 1099?</h2>A 1099-MISC is a form that reports various types of income for Tax Day. It's filed by a business or organization that pays pre-taxed money to a recipient, which could be an individual or another business.Its purpose is to let the government know how much money was paid and to whom so the recipient can pay the appropriate tax on that income. One copy is filed with the IRS and another is sent to the recipient of the money. The recipient then uses that form to report their income to the IRS when they file their tax returns. For example, suppose you sold off 100 shares of stock and earned $1,000 in profit from the sale. The brokerage that handled the transaction would file a 1099-B form with the IRS to report the sale and resulting money it paid to you. They would also send you a copy of the form with all the information it sent the IRS so you can report the $1,000 as taxable income. <h2>What is a 1099 used for?</h2>A 1099 simply reports income to the government. Because there are so many types of income and ways they are taxed, the IRS offers several 1099 forms for specific purposes, each with their own minimum thresholds for being required to file. Here is a quick look at the most-common types of 1099 forms and the minimum income required for each. <table><tbody><tr><td>Form</td><td>Type of income</td><td>Minimum needed to report</td></tr><tr><td>1099-DIV</td><td>Dividends </td><td>$10</td></tr><tr><td>1099-INT</td><td>Interest </td><td>$10 to $600, depending on circumstance</td></tr><tr><td>1099-MISC</td><td>Royalties, broker payments, prizes, rents, etc. </td><td>$10 to $600, depending on circumstance</td></tr><tr><td>1099-NEC</td><td>Non-employee payments</td><td>$600</td></tr><tr><td>1099-G</td><td>Certain types of government payments</td><td>No minimum</td></tr><tr><td>1099-R</td><td>Retirement income</td><td>$10</td></tr><tr><td>1099-B</td><td>Broker or barter exchanges</td><td>No minimum</td></tr><tr><td>1099-S</td><td>Real estate transactions</td><td>No minimum</td></tr><tr><td>1099-K</td><td>Payment card and third-party network transactions</td><td>$600 in aggregate payments.</td></tr></tbody></table>Businesses and organizations have a variety of options for filing 1099 forms. Generally, they will collect a W-9 form from the the recipe nt of the income. This is an informational form that provides an employer identification or Social Security number, name, address, and other essential information needed for completing a 1099 at the end of a year. After determining the amount of income to be reported, the filer can hire a tax professional or use online tax software to generate and often file the appropriate forms. They can also create an account with the IRS to manually create the forms and file them. There are even options if you prefer to use paper forms and mail them directly to the IRS. Copies of filed 1099 forms are sent to the recipients of the reported income. These can be delivered electronically or by regular mail. In addition to checking your mailbox at home, you should keep an eye on your email. Quick tip: If you don't get a 1099 for income you received, you still have to report it on your tax return. Don't rely just on what 1099s you actually get when calculating income for tax purposes. "The taxpayer is required to report the income whether or not they receive a 1099 form," says Beth Logan, an Enrolled Agent with <a href="http://www.kozlog.com/">Kozlog Tax Advisers</a>. "The 1099 form just tells the IRS that the income should appear on the recipient's tax return."<h2>What to do if you expect to get a 1099</h2>When you receive any type of income that would cause an organization to file a 1099, you should plan your finances throughout the year to ensure you can pay the necessary taxes. "You can pay in a variety of ways," says Logan. "You can pay estimated taxes. If you have a W-2 job, you can have additional deductions to cover any extra taxes. You can also wait and pay with your tax return, but that might result in extra interest for the delay in payment."Organizations have to file their 1099s for the year by January 31 for the previous tax year. If you know you received income that did not have taxes withheld and you haven't gotten a 1099 by the middle of February, contact the paying organization to check on the form's status. It is also important that you keep a record of all your income so you can match it up with what is reported on the 1099s you receive. This can help protect you against errors a payer may make in a 1099 that could result in increased tax liability. "Taxpayers should keep their own record of income received, as the receipt of a 1099 is not proof of the receipt of income," says Steven J. Weil, president and tax manager of <a href="https://www.rmsaccounting.com/">RMS Accounting</a> in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. "If a taxpayer has records to prove that the 1099 information is incorrect, the IRS will have to review and accept that income. But in the absence of taxpayer records to the contrary, income reported on a 1099 will generally stand."<h2>Types of 1099 forms</h2>There are a lot of different categories of income you might have in a year to which a 1099 form may apply. Here's a look at the different types of 1099 forms you might receive: <ul><li>1099-DIV: Used mostly by banks and other financial institutions, this form reports dividends and other similar financial distributions, including those from capital gains and exempt interest. </li><li>1099-INT: This form covers three situations involving interest income: amounts paid of at least $10 reportable in boxes 1, 3, and 8 of the form or at least $600 in the course of doing business; amounts withheld and paid any foreign tax or interest; and amounts from federal income tax withheld and not refunded under backup withholding rules. </li><li>1099-MISC: This used to be for non-employee payments over $600, but as of 2020 is for reporting royalties and broker payments, rent, prizes and awards, medical and health payments, crop insurance proceeds, payments to an attorney, and other kinds of income. </li><li>1099-NEC: If you work for a company as a contractor or under another non-employee status and earn at least $600, you'll get a 1099-NEC. It also applies if any federal income tax was withheld from your income under the backup withholding rules.</li><li>1099-G: This form reports income from certain federal, state, and local government sources, such as unemployment, state tax refunds, or taxable grants. </li><li>1099-R: When you get distributions from a pension, annuity, IRA, profit-sharing plans, insurance contracts, or other retirement income plans, expect to get a 1099-R. This also includes survivor income benefits, certain disability payments, and charitable gift annuities. </li><li>1099-B: This form applies when you're working with a broker who has sold stocks, commodities, futures, foreign currency contracts, short sales, or you have received cash, stock, or property the broker has a stake in. It also applies when you exchange property or services in a barter arrangement. </li><li>1099-S: This form applies to income from real estate transactions, whether through actual sale, exchange of property, or other arrangements. </li><li>1099-K : This form applies to income received from third-party payments, such as credit/debit card and other payment services.</li></ul><h2>1099 FAQs</h2><h3 class="faq-question">Is a 1099 the same as a W2?</h3>The 1099 and W2 are two different forms used to report your income for tax purposes. A W2 includes information from an employer about an employee's annual wages and taxes withheld. A 1099 documents income from other sources, such as contract work and retirement distributions.<h3 class="faq-question">Does a 1099 mean I have to pay taxes?</h3>A 1099 is a tax form documenting different types of payments made by an individual or a business other than your employer. Receiving a 1099 does not necessarily mean you have to pay taxes. However, you are required to report the income on your tax return.<h3 class="faq-question">Who needs to fill out a 1099 form?</h3>A 1099 shows payments you received from sources other than your employer. The payer of those funds fills out the 1099 and sends copies to you and the IRS.<h3 class="faq-question">Why do people get a 1099?</h3>People receive 1099s that report a wide range of different types of income. These include independent contractor income, rents, royalties, gambling winnings, interest from bank accounts, dividend payments, and retirement income.

What is an IRS 1099 form?

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="11894337" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="russia" source="Orion">Russia</keyword>'s attack on <keyword id="11985141" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="ukraine" source="Orion">Ukraine</keyword> is Europe's biggest war since World War II, and the warfare itself much different.</li><li>Cyber and <keyword id="13473872" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="electronic-warfare" source="Orion">electronic warfare</keyword> are both playing important roles, and electronic warfare has been the most visible.</li></ul>Russia's attack on Ukraine is the biggest war in Europe since World War II, and warfare has changed a lot since the Allies defeated Nazi Germany.Although World War II-era GIs might recognize <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nazi-germany-me-262-jet-fighter-changed-aerial-combat-2020-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">jet aircraft</a> and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/9-wwii-era-weapons-still-needed-on-todays-urban-battlefield-2019-12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">shoulder-fired missiles</a>, the battles that Ukraine and Russia are fighting in cyberspace and on the electronic spectrum would likely be more puzzling.<h2>Shadowy forms of warfare</h2><div type="image" title="An abandoned computer next to the trenches dug by Russian soldiers in the Red Forest. After Russian troops left Chernobyl, the Ukrainian army has taken control of the site. Radiation levels rose due to earthworks in places such as the well-known Red Forest, where Russian troops dug trenches. Ukraine is not only facing an invader in Chernobyl, it must also fight an invisible enemy, radiation. (" height="683" width="1024" msid="92398494" hostid="261" sizebytes="233854"></div>Cyber warfare and electronic warfare are both playing important roles in Ukraine. Electronic warfare is especially important on modern battlefields, and it has been the most visible in Ukraine.The US Department of Defense defines electronic warfare as military activities that use <keyword id="14265200" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="electromagnetic" source="Orion">electromagnetic</keyword> energy to attack or disrupt an adversary's activity. It can affect everything that uses electricity and can be waged by ground, air, land, sea, and space.There are three broad divisions of electronic warfare: Electronic Attack uses electromagnetic energy to disrupt or deny the enemy's use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic Protection defends friendly forces' access to the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic Warfare Support identifies and lists friendly and enemy electronic emissions to enable electronic attack or protection.A prominent example of electronic warfare in Ukraine is the interception and disruption of electronic communications. Intercepted Russian communications have shown that Russian units can't talk effectively to each other or to Moscow, often due to Ukrainian interference.Russia's military uses large, heavily armored vehicles to carry its electronic-warfare systems, but those vehicles are easy to identify visually and electronically. Ukrainian drones have been able to spot them on video and to pick up their electronic emissions.<div type="image" title="Russia Pantsir-C anti-aircraft system computer circuit boards" height="1333" width="2000" msid="92398495" hostid="261" sizebytes="298408"></div>"This makes them immediately targetable, as they are considered high-value targets," said Herm Hasken, a partner and senior operations consultant at <a href="https://www.markpointtech.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MarkPoint Technologies</a>, told Insider.That also applies to Ukrainian targeting of Russia's multiple launch rocket systems. "Ukrainian counter-battery [fire] and attack by drone is becoming more effective," added Hasken, who has extensive special-operations and intelligence-community experience — including time US Special Operations Command's chief cryptologist — and several combat deployments.<keyword id="13275955" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="cyberwarfare" source="Orion">Cyberwarfare</keyword> has played a much smaller role in Ukraine than was expected, but it has had an impact before and during the conflict.It is used to disrupt, destroy, and deny an adversary's access to its networks and the internet. Cyberweapons come in many forms, including wipers to delete data from devices, website defacements to discredit and mock targets, and distributed denial-of-service attacks to overwhelm websites and networks with artificial traffic.Russia has used wipers against official Ukrainian websites and networks. Its biggest <keyword id="6361937" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="cyberattack" source="Orion">cyberattack</keyword> thus far was the use of the wiper "AcidRain" against the modems and routers of the Viasat satellite communications network. As often happens with cyberweapons, AcidRain spread beyond its intended targets and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-cyberattacks-on-ukraine-may-have-gotten-out-of-hand-2022-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">took down services in other countries, affecting thousands of people</a>, US officials say.<h2>A little help from friends</h2><div type="image" title="Zelenskyy" height="683" width="1024" msid="92398497" hostid="261" sizebytes="86574"></div>Ukraine isn't fighting Russia on its own. The US and other countries have provided tens of billions of dollars' worth of weapons, and Western intelligence services have provided Ukraine with timely and accurate intelligence on Russian units and on Moscow's plans.Recently, the US revealed that it had carried out offensive cyber operations in support of Ukraine. Gen. Paul Nakasone, director of the National Security Agency and commander of US Cyber Command, told <a href="https://news.sky.com/story/us-military-hackers-conducting-offensive-operations-in-support-of-ukraine-says-head-of-cyber-command-12625139" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sky News</a> that the US has "conducted a series of operations across the full spectrum: offensive, defensive, [and] information operations."Nakasone didn't elaborate on those operations or describe their targets but the White House <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2022/06/01/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-karine-jean-pierre-june-1-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">said</a> they didn't cross the line that President Joe Biden has set about engaging Moscow directly.The need for innovation and adaptability in a modern conflict are probably the most important takeaways for the US military from the war in Ukraine, Hasken said, arguing that the Pentagon should conduct a rapid review to determine how to combine cyber capabilities, special-operations forces, and space-based assets to overcome emerging threats — especially <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-navy-seals-could-help-guide-carrier-aircraft-in-war-2021-12" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the anti-access/area-denial systems</a>, known as <keyword id="12840985" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="a2/ad" source="Orion">A2/AD</keyword>, that <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/historic-exercise-shows-how-navy-seals-work-with-aircraft-carriers-2021-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">China is deploying to hinder US operations</a> in the Western Pacific."If we are to learn anything from the current nature of warfare in Ukraine, it is that 'one size does not fit all,'" Hasken told Insider. "The US military must consider what tactics and technology will be required to combat A2/AD strategies of near-peer adversaries and competitors, particularly in the Indo-Pacific."Stavros Atlamazoglou is a defense journalist specializing in special operations, a Hellenic Army veteran (national service with the 575th Marine Battalion and Army HQ), and a Johns Hopkins University graduate.

Shadowy forms of modern warfare are on full display in Ukraine

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The Parker Solar Probe picked up crucial clues about our star as it flew through a coronal mass ejection.</li><li>NASA's probe is circling the sun, getting ever closer as it dives into its atmosphere. </li></ul>A NASA solar probe flew straight through a powerful eruption from the sun, and in doing so, found a key clue to how solar storms form.During the event, the Parker Solar Probe managed to capture footage from "one of the most powerful coronal mass ejections (CMEs) ever recorded," <a target="_blank" href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/parkersolarprobe/2023/09/15/parker-observes-powerful-coronal-mass-ejection-vacuum-up-interplanetary-dust/">NASA</a> said.The findings could help us better understand these huge solar explosions, which can bring <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-storm-earth-northern-southern-lights-auroras-how-to-see-2023-4">beautiful auroras</a> to our planet, but also wreak havoc on Earth's satellites and communications.The cost of a severe solar storm to the US economy could reach up to $10 billion a day, according to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.gmu.edu/news/2023-12/podcast-ep-54-are-we-headed-internet-apocalypse">Professor Peter Becker of George Mason University.</a>"Understanding turbulence is key in achieving a deeper understanding of CME evolution and kinematics," said Evangelos Paouris a solar physicist at George Mason University and an author of a study analyzing the footage.The analysis looked at footage captured by NASA's Parker Solar probe when it flew inside a coronal mass ejection in 2021.Within this footage, scientists spotted characteristic structures called Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities (KHIs) inside the CME.KHIs are structures that appear when two rapidly moving fluids interact with each other. This creates a repeated pattern of swirls, appearing almost like a hand drawing of waves on the ocean.On Earth, they can be occasionally spotted in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rare-cloud-formation-virginia-photo-viral-2019-6">rare fluctus clouds</a> in the sky.Inside CMEs, they are slightly more difficult to notice. That's partly why scientists have long hypothesized they existed inside the solar explosions but had never been able to see them.While the KHIs may not appear to many of us, scientists see them clearly in the 2021 footage from the Parker Solar Probe."We never anticipated that KHI structures could develop to large enough scales to be imaged in visible light," said Angelos Vourlidas, an astrophysicist at Johns Hopkins University who worked on the probe.This information can help scientists better understand how the CMEs propagate and interact with solar winds, said Paouris. And that's important.CMEs don't stay confined to the sun. When they explode, they release a burst of charged particles that can come barreling through space to hit the Earth.<div type="image" title="coronal mass ejection sun soho nasa" height="896" width="900" msid="109007297" hostid="261"></div>The issue is that these charged particles <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-lost-starlink-satellites-orbit-geomagnetic-solar-storm-space-launch-2022-2">can mess with satellites</a> and disrupt radio communication.In combination with other solar events, CMEs could also contribute to creating a very <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rare-solar-storm-blast-power-grids-chance-higher-next-years-2023-8">powerful, but also very rare, solar storm</a>, the likes of which we haven't seen for decades. With the world's reliance on electronics today, it's still not clear how that kind of solar storm could affect our infrastructure.The problem is that CMEs are highly unpredictable, and they can take as little as a few hours to reach the Earth. So knowing how better to predict them and anticipate these types of events is crucial.<div type="image" title="parker solar probe sun wind particles heat corona space mission illustration nasa goddard space flight center" height="1311" width="2327" msid="109007298" hostid="261"></div>Scientists expect to learn more about the sun as the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-parker-solar-probe-heat-temperature-radiation-survival-2018-8">Parker Solar Probe</a> continues its investigations. The spacecraft became the first human-made object to fly through the solar corona in 2021 and is circling the sun closer in each orbit.It uses 4.5-inch-thick carbon composite heat shield to protect it from the intense heat of the sun, withstanding temperatures up to nearly 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit.By the end of 2024, it is expected to make its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/helio-year-sun-solar-system-probe-eclipse-events-2024-1">closest approach</a> to the sun, zooming about 3.8 million miles from its surface.The <a target="_blank" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X">study </a>was published in the peer-reviewed Astrophysical Journal on March 27.

A NASA probe flew straight through an explosion from the sun, and found a key clue to how solar storms form

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Electronic warfare has played a prominent role during the war in Ukraine.</li><li>Ukraine and Russia are both using EW to interfere with each other's operations and aid their own.</li></ul>After years of neglecting electronic warfare, the US Army is rushing to revitalize its jamming capabilities.The catalyst is the Ukraine war, where cheap but plentiful drones are playing a vital — almost decisive — role, doing everything from spotting for artillery to destroying armored vehicles.At the same time, jamming has emerged as perhaps the most effective counter-drone weapon: Ukraine may be losing <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-losing-10000-drones-month-russia-electronic-warfare-rusi-report-2023-5">10,000 drones a month</a> — many to Russian electronic-warfare systems — while it strives to <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/ukraine-russia-war-drone-jamming-shahed-strikes-unmanned-vehicles-1815106" target="_blank" rel="noopener">boost its jamming capabilities</a>. Rather than using scarce and expensive antiaircraft missiles and guns to shoot down a drone that may cost only a few hundred dollars, it's easier to disrupt the link between the drone and its operator, causing it to crash.This has put fresh impetus behind the US Army's electronic-warfare upgrades. Douglas Bush, the assistant secretary of the Army for acquisition, logistics, and technology, told reporters during an August 7 roundtable discussion that the Army was "fundamentally reinvesting in rebuilding" its "tactical electronic-warfare capability after that largely left the force over the last 20 years."<div type="image" title="A soldier holding an electronic device." height="639" width="854" msid="102753779" hostid="261"></div>The Army already has several programs underway, but Bush said what was being seen in Ukraine was "adding to that urgency to get those going."The problem is that after fighting low-tech adversaries in the decades after the Cold War, the US military "has lost some muscle memory" in electronic warfare, Gen. Charles Brown Jr., the current Air Force chief of staff who is the incoming chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, <a href="https://www.c4isrnet.com/electronic-warfare/2023/07/12/us-military-losing-electronic-warfare-muscle-memory-cq-brown-warns/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">told Congress</a> in July.Concern about electronic warfare, or EW, isn't new, nor is the US deficient in all aspects of it. The Air Force and Navy, for example, have long devoted enormous resources to jamming enemy radars and antiaircraft weapons.But for the Army's electronic-warfare capabilities, several challenges are converging. Even as Army EW has languished, Russia and China have invested heavily in capabilities, such as signals intelligence-gathering, to locate radio transmitters and thus pinpoint the location of enemy units, especially their headquarters and command posts.Ukrainian forces have had great success in locating Russian command posts and then destroying them with long-range weapons such as HIMARS rockets. For its part, Russia has been able to use EW to send Ukraine's GPS-guided JDAM glide bombs and HIMARS rockets off course.<div type="image" title="Vehicles with tall poles attached to them." height="800" width="1200" msid="102753781" hostid="261"></div>Ukraine's success has spurred some US Army commanders <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-attacks-on-russia-us-army-command-post-vulnerability-2023-7">to warn about the vulnerability of their own command posts</a>, which have an electronic footprint that they worry Chinese forces will easily be able to find.Brown told lawmakers in July that because the US focus had been elsewhere and rivals had been investing in electronic-warfare capabilities, the US military "would likely face challenges protecting itself from electromagnetic attack" by its "most advanced adversaries."Most armies — or at least the high-tech ones — are vulnerable to EW, but the US military is especially vulnerable because its way of war is so dependent on electronic communications. Operations by forces across land, sea, air, space, and cyber are supposed to be precisely coordinated via data networks.Sensor-to-shooter kill chains such as the <a href="https://www.baesystems.com/en-us/definition/what-does-jadc2-stand-for" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Joint All Domain Command and Control</a> project aim to connect sensors and weapons so tightly that a target can be located and destroyed within minutes by an array of weapons, from GPS-guided missiles to swarms of small kamikaze drones.However, the common denominator of all these systems is reliable and uninterrupted communications. That's why China formed its <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/china-s-strategic-support-force-brings-hybrid-warfare-to-space-cyber-politics/7015833.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Strategic Support Force</a> in 2015: to employ cyberwarfare and other methods to disrupt American command-and-control, leaving US forces blind and uncoordinated.<div type="image" title="A rendering of two vehicles with equipment added on top of them." height="1158" width="2000" msid="102753784" hostid="261"></div>The US Army is trying to reply in kind. For example, the Army's <a href="https://peoiews.army.mil/2021/09/27/army-announces-ota-agreement-in-support-of-terrestrial-layer-system-brigade-combat-team-prototype/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Terrestrial Layer System – Brigade Combat Team</a> program is developing an electronic-warfare suite mounted on Stryker armored vehicles to enable maneuver brigades to detect and disrupt enemy communications.The Army said in September 2021 the goal of the TLS-BCT was to provide "the maneuver commander with electronic attack and offensive cyber warfare options to deny, degrade, disrupt, or manipulate enemy signals of interest and the targeted force."Lockheed Martin was awarded a $59 million <a href="https://fedscoop.com/army-awards-lockheed-next-phase-of-critical-cyber-ew-and-intel-platform" target="_blank" rel="noopener">contract</a> in 2022 to deliver prototypes this year. Other Army EW projects include mounting a jamming pod on an MQ-1C Gray Eagle drone.Bush says the US Army's electronic-warfare weapons are still effective but that the service is "constantly having to update them to account for, in this case, enemy jamming capability, and that's ongoing," and they are "taking lessons" from Ukraine.Observing events in Ukraine "reinforces the Army's commitment" to TLS-BCT and <a href="https://peoiews.army.mil/2023/06/28/army-announces-terrestrial-layer-system-echelons-above-brigade-prototype-ota-agreement/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">higher-echelon EW</a> programs, Bush says. "They're on track. I feel good about them," he said.Michael Peck is a defense writer whose work has appeared in Forbes, Defense News, Foreign Policy magazine, and other publications. He holds a master's in political science. Follow him on <a href="https://www.twitter.com/@mipeck1" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Twitter</a> and <a href="https://affiliate.insider.com/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fin%2Fmipeck%2F&amp;amazonTrackingID=null&amp;site=bi&amp;vikingID=63a0ec69c4cc6f36ff0dbbd6&amp;platform=browser&amp;sc=false&amp;disabled=false&amp;sessionID=1666393597540n9zaize3&amp;postID=64cfe684cfd91a08ec46d7c5" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noindex noopener sponsored">LinkedIn</a>.

The US Army is rushing to rearm its electronic warriors after watching Russia and Ukraine jam each other's drones

Artist pieces together old electronics to form illusion of a face

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Amazon Mega Electronics Days sale – best deals on wearables, audio products and more

New Delhi, Mar 11 () Markets regulator Sebi on Wednesday said investors need to submit an appropriate e-mail address to stock brokers in physical form if they opt to receive the contract note in electronic form.The move is aimed at bringing uniformity across segments with regard to receipt of electronic contract notes.In a circular, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) said, "In case, client opts to receive the contract note in electronic form, he shall provide an appropriate e-mail ID to the stock broker."In case of any change in the e-mail ID, client has to communicate the same to the stock broker through a physical letter, it added."If the client has opted for internet trading, the request for change of email id may be made through the secured access by way of client specific user id and password." According to the regulator's circular issued in February 2015, the electronic contract note declaration form obtained from the client was to remain valid till it is revoked by the client. This provision has now been rescinded by Sebi.Sebi noted that as per its earlier circulars, clients in commodity derivatives segment were required to submit a physical form to the trading member providing e-mail id for receiving contracts notes in electronic form, whereas, clients in segments other than commodity derivatives were required to provide these details to the stock broker.Accordingly, the regulator has revised norms pertaining to receipt of electronic contract notes "for ease of investors with regard to receiving electronic contract notes." SRS MRMR

Investors to submit form to brokers for receiving electronic contract note: Sebi

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A new report estimates Ukraine is losing roughly 10,000 drones every month.</li><li>A sophisticated electronic-warfare system is among Russia's biggest strengths, researchers said.</li></ul>A new assessment of Russia's military capabilities on the front line estimated that its forces were taking down about 10,000 Ukrainian drones every month.Electronic warfare is a "critical component" of Russia's tactics and contributing to the staggering losses of Ukrainian unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly known as drones, a <a href="https://static.rusi.org/403-SR-Russian-Tactics-web-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">report released Friday by the UK's Royal United Services Institute</a> found.The figures — which amount to more than 300 drones a day — were attributed to three unnamed Ukrainian officers interviewed in April and May.The report did not specify which models comprised the claimed losses or in what proportion, but James Patton Rogers, a University of Southern Denmark war-studies professor and drone expert, told Insider the majority of those being lost were relatively cheap, small commercial drones used for surveillance. The estimations indicate the unprecedented scale at which UAVs are being used in Ukraine, he said, adding that this was "one of the world's first drone vs. drone conflicts."Patton Rogers said that while the figures were likely overestimated, they underlined just how effective Russia's electronic warfare had become at countering Ukraine's extensive use of drones. The RUSI report said that along the roughly 750 miles of the conflict's front line, Russia maintained a major electronic-warfare system roughly every 6 miles. These are set back about 4 miles from the front and focused mainly on neutralizing drones, the report said.Sophisticated Russian systems such as the Shipovnik-Aero jamming station are hard to detect and can imitate other signals, the researchers said."It also has a sophisticated range of effects for downing UAVs," they said, including interfering with navigational systems.Ukraine fields a wide variety of drones, from small, commercial-grade UAVs often used for reconnaissance or as loitering munitions, up to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-turkish-baykar-tb2-drone-gave-ukraine-edge-against-russia-2022-9">the multimillion-dollar Bayraktar TB2</a>, capable of taking out Russian tanks.Drone warfare was a celebrated aspect of Ukraine's early success in holding back the Russian advance, prompting <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-army-of-drones-shahed-hunters-donation-push-2023-5">an official fundraising campaign — United24</a> — which was created to form a "drone army."But by summer, it was clear that Russia's electronic-warfare and air-defense capabilities had ramped up, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/drones-russia-ukraine-war-electronic-warfare-2022-7">Insider's Alia Shoaib reported</a>.Frontline drone operators <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/10/in-war-there-are-no-emotions-ukraine-drone-squads-bakhmut" target="_blank" rel="noopener">told The Guardian</a> in April that one of the most popular models — the DJI commercial drone — was rapidly losing its effectiveness.Nonetheless, Patton Rogers said, Ukraine is developing "its own resilient drone systems to fill this gap in capacity."Overall, the RUSI researchers said that after the Russian army's "disaster" of a performance at the outset of the invasion, it had adapted to Ukraine's pushback, even as it continued to struggle with poor morale and effective use of heavy armor and air-force attacks."The result is a structure that becomes better over time at managing the problems it immediately faces but also one that struggles to anticipate new threats," the report said."Ukraine, today, has the initiative," it added. "But as the Russian military adapts, there can be no room for complacency."

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