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Researchers at the <keyword id="55119" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="indian-institute-of-technology" source="Orion">Indian Institute of Technology</keyword> (<keyword id="6354859" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="iit" source="Orion">IIT</keyword>) <keyword id="35727" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="guwahati" source="Orion">Guwahati</keyword> have designed an affordable and efficient 'passive' radiative cooling system that does not require electricity to operate and can provide an alternative to the conventional air-conditioners, the institute said on Monday.<br /><br />This 'Radiative Cooler' coating material is an electricity-free cooling system as it can be applied on rooftops and functions both during day and night.<br /><br />Passive radiative cooling systems operate by emitting the heat absorbed from the surrounding in the form of infrared radiations that can pass through the atmosphere before getting dumped into the cold outer space.<br /><br />"These radiative coolers requiring no external energy sources for their operation could be one of the best alternatives to replace the conventional air conditioning systems used to cool buildings and automobiles in countries experiencing hot weather, such as India," said Prof. <keyword id="14360330" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="debabrata-sikdar" source="Orion">Debabrata Sikdar</keyword>, Assistant Professor at Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, <keyword id="186684" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="iit-guwahati" source="Orion">IIT Guwahati</keyword>, in a statement.<br /><br />"Unlike traditional cooling technologies that dump the waste heat into the surroundings, radiative cooling is a unique process that cools an object on the earth by sending excessive heat directly into the extremely cold universe," he added.<br /><br />However, most passive radiative coolers operate only at night. For daytime operation, these coolers need to reflect entire solar radiation as well. Till now, these cooling systems are not able to provide sufficient cooling at daytime.<br /><br />"For a radiative cooler to work during daytime, the material should reflect the solar and atmospheric radiations falling on it. Since the materials used in conventional coolers absorb more solar radiations and emit less during the day, those do not work during daytime. While daytime cooling can be achieved using polymer-based passive radiative coolers, oxidation degrades the polymers resulting in a limited lifespan," explained Ashish Kumar Chowdhary, a research scholar at IIT Guwahati.<br /><br />To address this, the team considered using thin films of silicon dioxide and aluminium nitride. These materials have low optical density corresponding to the wavelength range of solar and atmospheric radiations.<br /><br />But at atmospheric transmittance wavelengths, they have high optical density. When optical density is high, radiations travel slower through a medium and get absorbed more. To remain at thermal equilibrium, the material emits all the absorbed radiation like a black body.<br /><br />Instead of a single layer, the team cascaded silicon dioxide and aluminium nitride thin film layers on a silver layer, used as a ground metal, placed over a silicon substrate.<br /><br />The cooler they designed achieved about 97 per cent reflectance for solar and atmospheric radiations and 80 per cent emissivity for radiations in atmospheric transmittance wavelengths.<br /><br />The net cooling power is estimated to be 115 watt per square metre which could reduce ambient temperature up to 15 degrees below the outside temperature.<br /><br />Their innovation has been recently covered in the Current Science Report, which was initially published in <keyword id="13574934" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="journal-of-physics" source="Orion">Journal of Physics</keyword> D: Applied Physics.<br /><br />Compared to a recent cooler design achieving a comparable reduction in ambient temperature, this cooler is found to provide around 1.6 times more cooling power, the team said, adding this will reach the market once the large-scale prototypes are developed and tested for operational stability and durability under different climatic conditions.<br /><br />SEE ALSO:<br /><a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/news/who-will-get-the-party-symbol-bow-and-arrow-if-shiv-sena-splits/articleshow/92611630.cms">It’s not the CM seat but the one who wields ‘bow and arrow’ will be the Sena head</a><br /><a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/sustainability/news/ban-on-single-use-plastic-kicks-in-across-india-as-the-country-recognises-the-choking-impacts-of-plastic-waste-on-the-environment/articleshow/92600992.cms">Ban on single-use plastic kicks in across India as the country recognises the choking impacts of plastic waste on the environment</a><br />

IIT Guwahati designs a cooling system that will not require electricity

<br />
This Wednesday, <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=Mumbai">Mumbai</a>'s minimum temperature plummeted to temperatures lower than the hill station Mahableshwar the same day. The <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=weather+bureau">weather bureau</a> said the drop in temperatures was because of stronger daytime winds.<br />
<br />
The minimum at Mahableshwar was 14 degrees Celsius. It was 11.6°C at the Santacruz weather station, the second lowest ever recorded in December in over a decade.<br />
<br />
The minimum at Santacruz was 6.3°C below normal. The minimum recorded at the Colaba weather station was 17.8°C. That’s 2.4°C below normal.<br />
<br />
“The winds are almost northerly, leading to low humidity levels and also bringing in winter chill. Weather models indicate the same chill (to continue) for the next two days," said K S Hosalikar, Deputy Director General (West), <a href="http://www.businessinsider.in/searchresult.cms?query=Indian+Meteorological+Department">Indian Meteorological Department</a>. <br />
<br />
Image credit: Indiatimes

Mumbai icier than many hill stations at
11.6°

<p><div class="image-container float_right" style="width:620px"><div class="image"></div><p class="source">Lucas Dawson/Getty Images</p><p class="caption">Physics-defying water bottle splash</p></div>The <keyword id="22576" type="SPORT" weightage="60" keywordseo="Australian-Open">Australian Open</keyword> is taking place amidst a historic heatwave down under.</p>
<p>It has gotten so hot, Australian meteorologists had to <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/australia-adds-new-color-to-temperature-maps-2013-1">add a new color</a> to their temperature maps.</p>
<p>While the first three days of the Open weren't unbearably hot, the last two days saw temperatures hover between 100 and 105 degrees while day-time matches were going on.</p>
<p>The heat produced some truly incredible photos. We collected our favorites.</p>
<p>They involve players sweating, fans seeking shelter in fountains, and more mesmerizing contrasts between shade and sun.</p>

Historic Heat Wave Is Suffocating The Australian Open

<p>It's summer and hot, but Climate Central wants you to know that this summer is nothing compared to what awaits our warming world.</p>
<p>They've created "1001 Blistering Future Summers," <a href="http://www.climatecentral.org/news/summer-temperatures-co2-emissions-1001-cities-16583">an interactive graphic</a> showing how hot select cities will feel in 2100.</p>
<p>U.S. summers have already increased about <a href="http://www.climatecentral.org/news/u.s.-seeing-red-as-temperatures-rise-17574">0.4 degrees F per decade since the 1970s</a> and it is only getting warmer.</p>
<p>Average temperatures are predicted to rise 7 to 10 degrees F on average, according to Climate Central, with cities like Boston, Massachusetts and Helena, Montana on the upper limits of that number. Here's what will happen to Boston:</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.climatecentral.org/news/summer-temperatures-co2-emissions-1001-cities-16583">Climate Central</a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div>In order to get these numbers, Climate Central calculated daytime summer temperatures between June and August, without looking at humidity or dew point, "both of which contribute to how uncomfortable summer heat can feel," according to Climate Central. The projection assumed greenhouse gas emissions and subsequent warming continues on its current path until 2080.</p>
<p>Besides being informative, the map also provides the platform for a great game: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation">Six Degrees</a>  Of The Middle East <span>(pun intended heheh)</span>. The premise: See how many city steps it takes to get to temperatures that the Middle East is currently seeing. </p>
<p>For example, below you can see that New York will go from having 82 degree F summers to having 91 degree F summers, like that of Lehigh Acres, Florida.</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span>Climate Central</span></p></div><p></p></div></div>Lehigh Acres will, in turn, be as hot as current day Mission, TX, 97.3 degrees F.</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.climatecentral.org/news/summer-temperatures-co2-emissions-1001-cities-16583">Climate Central</a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p>
<p>Mission will be over 105 degrees F, as hot as Yuma, Arizona.</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.climatecentral.org/news/summer-temperatures-co2-emissions-1001-cities-16583">Climate Central</a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div>And Yuma? Arizonans may as well move to Kuwait.</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.climatecentral.org/news/summer-temperatures-co2-emissions-1001-cities-16583">Climate Central</a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p>
<p>We got there in four degrees of separation! <a href="http://www.climatecentral.org/news/summer-temperatures-co2-emissions-1001-cities-16583">Go ahead. Try Las Vegas, or just check out your favorite cities:</a></p>
<p></p>

Awesome Interactive Map Shows How Hot Your City Will Be In 2100

<p>Summer in the city can be brutal, but just how bad it gets depends on the city itself. Most cities are hotter than their surroundings, but some are more susceptible to this "heat island" effect than others. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13462">A new study</a>, released July 9 in the journal Nature, has pinpointed why - and which cities are the most at risk.</p>
<p>For example, New Orleans is about 10 degrees F hotter than its surroundings, but in Los Angeles this difference is less than 6 degrees F. It turns out, this effect is worsened in wet areas because of the different kinds of plants that live around those cities, according to the study.</p>
<p><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13462">Half of the world's population</a> lives in urban areas. Unfortunately, these cities are causing "one of the most significant human-induced changes to Earth's surface climate," the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, according to the study.</p>
<p>Below you can see what a heat island looks like for a generic city:</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.epa.gov/heatislands/resources/pdf/HIRIbrochure.pdf">EPA.gov</a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div>The study looked at the annual mean average temperature of 65 locations from 2003 to 2012 for both the city and the surrounding rural area at 1:30 p.m. and 1:30 a.m. local time.</p>
<p>Their findings showed that how much and what kind of vegetation was present in the rural areas - which is greatly influenced by precipitation rates - played a large role in the heat island effect. "If you look across the North American continent, in places with higher precipitation, you get stronger daytime UHI," study researcher Xuhui Lee, of Yale University, told Business Insider in an email.</p>
<p>When climates are naturally wet, forests act as natural 'heat converters' moving heat from the ground into the atmosphere, Lee said. "In comparison, cities in these climates are not as efficient in convecting heat - our estimate is that they are 58% less efficient than the natural landscape - and hence we have strong urban heat island," he said.</p>
<p>You can see how your city stacks up below. The "daytime ΔT" refers to how much warmer the urban areas are compared to the surrounding rural areas in Celsius (1 degree C = 1.8 degrees F).</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span>Data courtesy of Xuhui Lee, Yale University from "Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands," Zhao et. al. </span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p>
<h3>The worst offenders</h3>
<p>You can see those cities on the map below. The size of the dot shows the temperature difference between the city and surrounding areas (the numbers in the legend are in Celsius, 1 degree C = 1.8 degrees F). The color of the dot denotes the amount of annual mean precipitation. Red is less than about 20 inches of precipitation. Green is between 20 and about 43 inches. Blue is over 43 inches.</p>
<p>You can see the blue dots are the biggest dots:</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span>"Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands." Zhao et. al.</span></p></div><p></p></div></div>Cities in the southeastern U.S. tended to show the greatest heat island effect with an average 7 degrees F daytime and 4 degrees F nighttime greater temperature than surrounding areas, Lee said. The nighttime urban heat island effect temperatures are due to the release of heat stored in buildings, which absorb some of the heat during the day.</p>
<p>Here are those same cities at night:</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table full"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13462">"Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands." Zhao et. al.</a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div>"Cities in the semi-arid climates, such as Tucson, Arizona and Reno, Nevada, have the lowest urban heat island," Lee said. This is because low-lying vegetation, like shrubs and grasses, aren't good at removing heat from the ground. "In comparison, urban landscape is on average 20% more efficient in heat convection," Lee said (Still the surrounding landscape remains cooler since other factors are at play such as the increased reflectivity of the landscape and water evaporation by trees).</p>
<p>Large cities also naturally have a greater heat island effect. "In a large city, heat has more time to build up," Lee said.</p>
<p>The effect can change from year to year with different precipitation rates. "In the humid southeastern U.S., urban heat island tends to be stronger in the drier (and hotter) years than in the wetter years," Lee said. This could be due to the fact that urban trees help cool the landscape through water evaporation, an effect which the researchers think is not as strong within the city in drier years as it is outside, he said.</p>
<h3>So what can cities do?</h3>
<p>Lee suggests they use building materials that reflect heat away from the city rather than absorb it. "A good case in point is Chicago," Lee said.</p>
<p>The windy city experienced a record heat wave in 1995 which killed hundreds of people. In response, the city changed its building codes to encourage the use of reflective roofs yielding a cooler city.</p>
<p>While urban greening can help with cooling, it has to be done right to be effective. The popular grassy green roofs, for example, don't to much for heat mitigation, Lee said. However, previous studies have shown that green areas, like tree-speckled parks, can help keep city dwellers cool. This is because "Trees tend to offer more cooling power than shrubs and grasses," Lee said.</p>
<p>"Light colored roofs also offer cooling benefits," he said. In a previous study, Lee and a team compared the cooling power of street trees versus reflective roofs, with the latter taking the win.</p>

Why Some Cities Get Way Hotter Than Others During The Summer

Average <keyword id="14195929" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="human-brain-temperature" source="Orion">human brain temperature</keyword> is 38.5 degrees Celsius, with deeper brain regions often exceeding 40 degrees Celsius, particularly in women during the daytime, finds a study.<br /><br />Normal human brain temperature varies much more than previously thought, and this could be a sign of <keyword id="14195930" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="healthy-brain-function" source="Orion">healthy brain function</keyword>, said researchers at the <keyword id="198445" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="medical-research-council" source="Orion">Medical Research Council</keyword> (MRC) Laboratory for Molecular Biology, in the UK who produced the first 4D map of healthy human brain temperature.<br /><br />The map overturns several previous assumptions and shows the remarkable extent to which brain temperature varies by brain region, age, sex, and time of day. Importantly, these findings also challenge a widely held belief that human brain and body temperature are the same.<br /><br />The research, published in the journal Brain, also included analysis of data from patients with traumatic brain injury, showing that the presence of daily brain temperature cycles strongly correlates with survival. These findings could be used to improve understanding, prognosis, and treatment of brain injury.<br /><br />"To me, the most surprising finding from our study is that the healthy human brain can reach temperatures that would be diagnosed as fever anywhere else in the body. Such high temperatures have been measured in people with brain injuries in the past, but had been assumed to result from the injury," said Dr. John O'Neill, Group Leader at the MRC Lab.<br /><br />To study the healthy brain, the researchers recruited 40 volunteers, aged 20-40 years, to be scanned in the morning, afternoon, and late evening over one day.<br /><br />In healthy participants, the average brain temperature was 38.5 degrees Celsius, more than two degrees warmer than that measured under the tongue. The study also found that brain temperature varied depending on: time of day, brain region, sex and menstrual cycle, and age.<br /><br />While the brain surface was generally cooler, deeper brain structures were frequently warmer than 40 degrees Celsius; with the highest observed brain temperature being 40.9 degrees Celsius.<br /><br />Across all individuals, brain temperature showed consistent time-of-day variation by nearly 1 degrees Celsius, with highest brain temperatures observed in the afternoon, and the lowest at night.<br /><br />"We found that brain temperature drops at night before you go to sleep and rises during the day. There is good reason to believe this daily variation is associated with long-term brain health " something we hope to investigate next," O'Neill said.<br /><br />On average, female brains were around 0.4 degrees Celsius warmer than male brains. This sex difference was most likely driven by the menstrual cycle, since most females were scanned in the post-ovulation phase of their cycle, and their brain temperature was around 0.4 degrees Celsius warmer than that of females scanned in their pre-ovulation phase.<br /><br />The results also showed that brain temperature increased with age over the 20-year range of the participants, most notably in deep brain regions, where the average increase was 0.6 degrees Celsius.<br /><br />The researchers propose that the brain's capacity to cool down may deteriorate with age and further work is needed to investigate whether it is linked with the development of age-related brain disorders.<br /><br /><strong>SEE ALSO:<br /></strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/health/news/mumbai-detected-four-cases-of-omicron-ba-4-and-ba-5-sub-variants/articleshow/92204387.cms">Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 sub-variants detected in Mumbai — here’s all you need to know</a><br /><a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/mukesh-ambani-and-disney-to-get-into-an-intense-bidding-war-for-another-ipl-package-heres-why-it-matters/articleshow/92203554.cms">Mukesh Ambani and Disney to get into an intense bidding war for another IPL package – here’s why it matters</a><br />

Human brains are hot, and women's brains are hotter says a new study

Amid a continued heat wave, the <keyword id="6360371" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="jharkhand" source="Orion">Jharkhand</keyword> government has announced to close all schools in the state till Wednesday, an official said.<br /><br />"All schools in the state will remain closed till June 14, in the wake of the continued heat wave prevailing in the state," an official of the <keyword id="47831" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="school-education" source="Orion">School Education</keyword> and Literacy Department informed in an official release on Monday.<br /><br />Ranchi office of the <keyword id="3658" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="india" source="Orion">India</keyword> Meteorological Department on Sunday issued a heat wave alert for the state till June 15.<br /><br />It advised people to avoid going out in the daytime from 11 am to 3 pm.<br /><br />According to <keyword id="6366970" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="imd" source="Orion">IMD</keyword>, there is less probability of any change in the day temperature in the next 4 to 5 days in the state.<br /><br />Several parts of the country are grappling with severe <keyword id="6371478" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="heatwave" source="Orion">heatwave</keyword> conditions.<br /><br />Earlier on Sunday, IMD Scientist Naresh Kumar issued an advisory on the prevailing heat situation in the country.<br /><br />"Talking about the heatwave conditions in India, the main heat wave zone currently is East India. The heat wave conditions are prevailing in Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. For this, the IMD issued an orange alert in these regions. Coastal Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are also coming under the influence of heatwave. North coastal Andhra Pradesh and Telangana will be affected by heatwave for next 5 days," he said.<br /><br />The official added that Andhra Pradesh can expect a severe heat wave for the next two days and temperature can rise 6.5 degrees above normal.<br /><br />"Apart from this, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha will be affected by heat waves for the next 2 to 3 days. For Sunday the orange alert has been issued in Odisha and coastal Andhra Pradesh. In the other places, the intensity is less so we have issued a yellow alert and also there is rainfall intensity in this region within 2 to 3 days so the other places can expect some relief," the IMD official said on Sunday.<br /><br /><strong>SEE ALSO:<br /><a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/mumbai-flat-sizes-have-shrunk-20-in-past-five-years-but-other-metros-show-improvement/articleshow/100932947.cms">Mumbai flat sizes have shrunk 20% in past five years but other metros show improvement</a><br /><a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/oyo-to-bring-on-board-300-hill-station-hotels-by-august/articleshow/100934363.cms">OYO to bring on board 300 hill station hotels by August</a></strong><br />

Jharkhand announces school closure till June 14 amid heat wave

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Climate scientists observed a peculiar cooling trend in Himalayan glaciers 10 years ago.</li><li>They now think the trend may be the result of intensifying winds that can reach over 100 mph.</li></ul><p>As climate change drives up <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/world-hottest-year-ever-history-climate-crisis-2024-1"><u>global average temperatures</u></a>, glaciers around the world's tallest mountains are actually getting slightly colder during the warm season, according to new research published in the peer-reviewed journal <a target="_blank" href="https://affiliate.insider.com?h=0dc6c70667802d4e1cc86e2680e319594ea03a739aff2e6ac33bfcabe6c49fbc&amp;postID=65c1565b2eedcd8f95e7e0a5&amp;postSlug=mount-everest-glaciers-scientists-find-peculiar-cooling-trend-2024-2&amp;site=bi&amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41561-023-01331-y"><u>Nature Geoscience</u></a>.</p><p>Located on the southern face of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/dead-bodies-on-mount-everest-are-hard-to-get-down-2019-5"><u>Mount Everest</u></a> along the Khumbu Valley about 3.1 miles above sea level, sits one of the world's few high-elevation science labs, called the Pyramid International Observatory.</p><p>It's been collecting hourly data on measurements like the mountain's air temperature, total precipitation, humidity, and wind speed since the early '90s. With nearly four decades of data in hand, scientists saw a strange pattern.</p><p>They found that the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/summer-2023-heat-wave-tracker-temperature-records-2023-5"><u>maximum daytime temperature</u></a> during the warmer months from May to October had decreased by around 0.040 °C per year over the last 15 years.</p><p>Was it a mistake? The researchers cross-checked the data with other weather stations around the southernmost stations of the Tibetan plateau. They realized that the cooling trend wasn't just limited to the glaciers around Mt. Everest; it was across the entire <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tibet-maybe-splitting-apart-himalayan-mountains-grow-tectonic-plates-study-2024-1"><u>Himalayas</u></a>.</p><p>But how could this be? After all, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/19/climate/himalayas-melting-water-source.html"><u>a report</u></a> published last year found that Himalayan <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/melting-glaciers-ice-sheets-sea-level-rise-climate-disaster-2022-12"><u>glaciers melted faster</u></a> between 2010 and 2019 than in the previous decade, suggesting the glaciers were getting warmer along with the rest of the world.</p><h2><strong>Blame the wind</strong></h2><div type="image" title="Snowy mountain peak." height="1411" width="2124" msid="107466546" hostid="261" sizebytes="252742"></div><p>Researchers think that this cooling trend is the result of a well-understood phenomenon called <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/frozen-russian-hikers-died-dyatlov-pass-avalanche-study-2021-2"><u>katabatic winds</u></a>.</p><p>On warm days, as sunlight heats the glaciers, the air just above the glacier's surface warms and rises. This creates a vacuum causing the cold air around the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-a-fall-from-denali-north-americas-tallest-peak-2022-7"><u>snowy peaks</u></a> to rush down due to gravity.</p><p>As the phenomenon intensifies, it creates local katabatic winds which typically peak in the afternoon and can reach speeds of over <a target="_blank" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1657/AAAR00C-13-132"><u>100 mph</u></a>.</p><p>As average global temperatures rise worldwide, due to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-action-30-global-leaders-climate-solutions-2023-11"><u>climate change</u></a>, katabatic winds are growing more intense because the more heat that's warming and rising from the mountain's surface, the more it forces cold air down. That's what's causing the cooling trend over the last 15 years, the researchers reported.</p><p>Moreover, the researchers think the chilly winds may have partly helped in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/antarctica-lost-enough-ice-cover-us-three-feet-water-2023-10"><u>slowing the melting</u></a> of these glaciers which otherwise could have been even worse.</p><p>But there is a catch.</p><p>The study also found that the lowest nighttime temperature during cold months (November to April) is on the rise. As the coldest nights are becoming less cold and warm month days are getting mildly cooler, the average temperature tends to balance out, giving a deceiving impression of the temperature trend.</p><p>That said, glaciers will continue to melt in the face of climate change because glacial melting is not just linked to air temperature close to the ice.</p><h2>Glaciers will continue to melt as global temperatures rise</h2><div type="image" title="A floating iceberg in Antarctica." height="1414" width="2121" msid="107466548" hostid="261" sizebytes="261860"></div><p>Ice can act like a buffer, absorbing some heat before increasing in temperature.</p><p>During the warm daylight hours, the glacier ice absorbs heat from the surrounding air. Then at night, the ice releases some of that stored heat energy, preventing the air temperature from dropping too low.</p><p>So the ice damps down the daily heat peaks and cold dips in the area right around the glacier.</p><p>That's why temperatures farther away from the glacier better reflect the true daily peaks and nighttime cooling which ends up influencing the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/melting-glaciers-unveil-dead-bodies-ancient-disease-and-more-2019-3">melting processes</a>.</p><p>"Understanding this whole process was a great relief," said Franco Salerno, lead author of the paper and an environmental scientist at the National Research Council, Institute of Polar Sciences, Milan.</p><p>His team had noticed the decreasing temperature trend in warmer months nearly 10 years ago but couldn't pin down the exact phenomenon. Now, more studies can focus on this local weather phenomenon.</p><p>Most importantly, the finding shows the role of glaciers in shaping <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mountains-switzerland-collapsing-from-permafrost-melt-2023-8">local mountain climates</a>. And that has had a huge impact on climbers.</p><h2>Rising risks for businesses</h2><div type="image" title="climbing everest" height="1867" width="1400" msid="107466549" hostid="261" sizebytes="138268"></div><p>The frigid, dense, high-speed katabatic winds can easily intensify — even reaching <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-hurricanes-why-storms-are-wetter-stronger-slower-2019-7">hurricane speed</a>. As a result, these winds have a big impact on the local weather of the mountain.</p><p>As a result "<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mount-everest-stories-from-climbers-2019-6">climbing has become much trickier</a> as our guides have to asses the route to the summit in each trip," said Gordon Janow, director of the mountain climbing guide service Alpine Ascents, who has been in the mountaineering industry for nearly four decades.</p><p>The terrain has also gotten more technical as melting glaciers open up <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/video-skier-sudden-15-foot-drop-into-hidden-crevasse-alps-2023-4">huge crevasses</a>.</p><p>"We have to go 100 yards to the right then cut back to the left then cut to the right," he said.</p><p>What was once a 10-hour journey to the summit can extend to 12 or even 14 hours. "Then, all of a sudden we may come across a glacier that we can't cross," Janow added. As a result, many mountains are not even climbed anymore.</p><p>The melting of glaciers triggered by such local weather phenomena has brought trouble to not only the Himalayas but mountains all over the world.</p><p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mount-rainier-national-park-paradise-snowiest-place-us-2021-6">Mount Rainier</a>, for example, has traditionally served as a training ground for many mountaineers. "I have had people come in saying things like, 'My grandfather climbed Mount Rainier by himself in 1957. We're gonna do it.'," he said.</p><p>"But people fail to realize it's not your grandfather's mountain anymore," he said.</p>

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