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<ul><li><keyword id="1795966" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="calyampudi-radhakrishna-rao" source="Orion">Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao</keyword> was born on September 10, 1920 into a Telugu-speaking family in the erstwhile Madras Presidency. </li><li>Two years before India got its independence, he published a paper with three results that aided scientific research for decades after. </li><li>From data science to <keyword id="274992" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="higgs-boson" source="Orion">Higgs Boson</keyword> – many large scientific experiments use his work. </li></ul>Where is statistics used? The answer to this broad question lies in the life and works of Dr CR Rao, who will soon be presented with the International Prize in Statistics, which is the Nobel Prize of the statistics field. The 102-year-old Indian-American scientist’s work in statistics now propels the field of science — right from data analytics to analysing data from Large Hadron Collider, the world’s most powerful accelerator that found the elusive God particle or the Higgs Boson a decade ago. In fact when a cardiologist had a problem constructing the shape of the human left ventricle from a pair of X-ray projection images taken from two perpendicular camera sets — it led to his extensive work on shape analysis. When he was at Cambridge University, he was presented with <a href="https://theprint.in/india/legendary-statistician-cr-rao-credited-with-restructuring-field-of-statistics-turns-100/499800/">the Jebel Moya problem</a>. Skeletons from an ancient grave in Africa were brought back to the university and Rao analysed their measurements to determine their lives and relationship with neighbours. That’s when he introduced the concept of quadratic entropy, a general measure of diversity or non-homogeneity in a population. For decades, his papers and works have helped scientists estimate results of experiments starting right from basic sciences like physics, chemistry and biology to artificial intelligence (AI), radar systems and many more that are to come. Early life of the man who became a legend Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao was born on September 10, 1920 into a Telugu-speaking family in Huvvina Hadagalli. The town then belonged to the erstwhile Madras province, and is now in Karnataka. His father was a police inspector and his mother a homemaker. After completing his high school education in Visakhapatnam, he obtained his Master’s Degree in Mathematics from Andhra University in 1940. Later, he joined a master’s programme at the Calcutta University in statistics which was newly instituted. Needless to say, he received the <a href="http://library.isical.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10263/5522/2/C%20R%20Rao%20biography.pdf">highest rank possible </a>and a gold medal too. Two years before India got its independence, he published a paper where he demonstrated <a href="https://www.dnaindia.com/science/report-who-is-cr-rao-102-year-old-mathematician-awarded-nobel-prize-of-statistics-for-75-year-old-work-3035524">three fundamental results</a> — Cramer-Rao lower bound, the Rao-Blackwell Theorem; and introduced differential geometric methods in statistical estimation. His third result formed the basis for a new interdisciplinary field - ‘information geometry’. He went to Cambridge for a project and came back to work at the Indian Statistical Institute in the late 1940s. At the institute, he rose to the ranks of a director and quit in 1976. In 1978, he moved to the US as a university professor after retiring, and continues to the professor emeritus of statistics at Penn State. So, to answer the question posed at the start of this piece – thanks in large part to the efforts of Rao, statistics is used in everything from computer science, quantum physics, linguistics and sociology to economics.

Pride of India: Statistician CR Rao’s influence is widespread – The Higgs Boson, shape of the heart, archaeological digs & more

NEW DELHI: The country’s faltering <keyword id="34412" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="economy">economy</keyword> is likely to get a significant stimulus from election spending by political parties, candidates and the government which estimates suggest could be as much as Rs 30,000 crore. 
 
The figure is comparable to the $4 billion (around Rs 20,000 crore at the prevailing exchange rate) additional spending that the government announced in 2008 to shield the economy from the impact of the global financial crisis. It is, however, less than the $7 billion raised and spent by political parties in the 2012 US presidential polls. 
 
The election spend is often more effective than official economic stimuli as the money is actually spent — virtually without any transmission loss — in a short time. Moreover, there is a “trickle-down effect” as it often reaches the poorest voter. 
 
This poll there will be a sharp increase in expenditure from the 2009 elections, when total spending was estimated at Rs 10,000-Rs 15,000 crore. Experts pointed out a large chunk of the spending by political parties and candidates is in cash, which makes it difficult to estimate the actual amount spent. 
 “Spending will increase significantly in these elections. The estimate is about Rs 30,000 crore,” said N Bhaskara Rao, chairman of the <keyword id="196966" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="Centre-for-Media-Studies">Centre for Media Studies</keyword>, a New Delhi-based think tank, adding that the figure includes the expenditure by the Centre. “No other election can match the 2014 elections,” CMS’s Rao said. 
 
 
 
He said the figure was based on an elaborate analysis undertaken by the think tank, which has been tracking various segments of elections since 1997. 
 
The 2014 general elections come at a time when growth is estimated to have slowed to a decade’s low of 4.9% and the industrial sector is weighed down by the slowdown in global and domestic demand. 
 
Several sectors of the economy, ranging from advertising, air charter services, security services, food and beverages, transport, liquor, fuel and automobiles are expected to see hefty activity, thanks to the sharp increase in spending. 
 
“Election spending provides a very sizeable boost to the economy. Traditionally we have seen it adds 0.2-0.3% to growth,” said Pronob Sen, chairman of the National Statistical Commission. 
 
“Liquor sales increase quite a bit during elections but nearly 80-90% of the consumers at that time are rural people who prefer country liquor, some of which is spurious too. Therefore it’s next to impossible to gather data that would show the real spike in the sales of liquor across the country during elections,” says Arvind Singhal, chairman &amp; MD of market research firm Technopak. 
 The budget for the Indian advertising industry in 2014 is nearly Rs 34,500 Cr to Rs 38,000 Cr. “The general elections are touted to give it a boost of 8-10% this year, which amounts to around Rs 3,000 crore,” says Harish Bijoor, brand expert and <keyword id="5645" type="POSITION" weightage="40" keywordseo="CEO">CEO</keyword> of Harish Bijoor Consults. 
 
According to Bijoor, 45% of the total spend on political advertising will go into print, 38% will account for TV ad spends and the rest would go into outdoor and other forms of advertising. 
 Air charter services too have a busy season ahead. Industry experts say the hourly rates for jets and choppers can go up to Rs 5 lakh and Rs 3 lakh. Charter firms are seeking minimum contracts of three to four hours’ flying daily for 45 days. Estimates show that <keyword id="14666" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="BJP">BJP</keyword> and <keyword id="1575" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="Congress">Congress</keyword> could spend up to Rs 90 crore each. Hiring aircraft is an expensive affair. 
 “One finds evidence of a direct correlation between election spending and economic growth as over the last few election years, prices of <keyword id="6354298" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="stocks">stocks</keyword> relating to consumer durables (ITC, Unilever, etc.), banks and basic engineering goods have shot up in India,” said Nilanjan Banik, associate professor at Mahindra Ecole Centrale. 
 
However, the impact on the automobile sector particularly SUVs (sports utility vehicles) has slowed over the years 
 
“It is not the same as earlier. The code of conduct for elections is strict and candidates are careful about spending on vehicles, which is a big investment,” says Pravin Shah, CEO of Automotive Division of Mahindra &amp; Mahindra, but added that elections do provide some growth. 
 The election spending also comes against the backdrop of the <keyword id="6356916" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="40" keywordseo="excise-duty">excise duty</keyword> cut announced in the 2014-15 interim budget by the government and should help sustain the momentum of the economy for the short term but the new government will have to urgently unveil measures to revive sentiment and growth. 
 
Officially, the spending will only be a fraction of the amounts being talked about. In 2009, 8,070 candidates contested the polls. Assuming a similar number this time, and taking into account the expenditure ceiling for each candidate of Rs 70 lakh for the 2014 polls in most states, spending by candidates should officially be in the region of Rs 560 crore. In addition, government spending on general elections would add up to about Rs 1,000 crore. 
 
Rao said a large chunk of the expenditure by political parties and candidates is likely to involve unaccounted money, which is used for what he described as “notes for votes”. 
 
Government spending on polls is concentrated largely on activities such as voter awareness campaigns, labour, technology and other logistical aspects of conducting the elections. 
 The government’s expenditure per elector has gone up manifold, 20 times to be precise, from the first general elections to the 15th general elections, according to the <keyword id="40807" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="Election-Commission">Election Commission</keyword>. 
 
(With inputs from Saurabh Sinha, John Sarkar and Pankaj Doval in New Delhi)

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Pride of India: Statistician CR Rao’s influence is widespread – The Higgs Boson, shape of the heart, archaeological digs & more

Katya Naidu

Rs 30,000 Crore Stimulus To Economy Expected From Poll Spending

Times Of India

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You Searched For "cr raos statistics" and got 2 results

Pride of India: Statistician CR Rao’s influence is widespread – The Higgs Boson, shape of the heart, archaeological digs & more

Katya Naidu

​Rs 30,000 Crore Stimulus To Economy Expected From Poll Spending

Times Of India

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Rs 30,000 Crore Stimulus To Economy Expected From Poll Spending