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<ul><li>A new study claims that Covid vaccine protection is short-lived.</li><li><keyword id="44612" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="pfizer" source="Orion">Pfizer</keyword> and <keyword id="4912868" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="moderna" source="Orion">Moderna</keyword> vaccines offer a longer duration of protection, says a new study.</li><li>In India, <keyword id="2825536" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="booster-dose" source="Orion">booster dose</keyword> will be available for free from July 15 till the next 75 days</li></ul>Vaccine protection against Covid-19 is short-lived and, therefore, <keyword id="11223232" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="booster-shots" source="Orion">booster shots</keyword> are important, says a new study. "The mRNA vaccines produce the highest levels of antibody response and in our analysis confer more durable protection than other vaccines or exposures," said lead author Jeffrey Townsend from Yale University, in the study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "However, it is important to remember that natural immunity and vaccination are not mutually exclusive. Many people will have partial immunity from multiple sources, so understanding the relative durability is key to deciding when to provide a boost to your immune system," Townsend added. Since Covid-19 vaccines first became available to protect against infection and severe illness, there has been much uncertainty about how long the protection lasts and when it might be necessary for individuals to get an additional booster shot. For the study, the team quantified the likelihood of future infection following natural infection or vaccination by the Moderna, Pfizer, Johnson &amp; Johnson, or Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. The risk of breakthrough infections, in which a person becomes infected despite being vaccinated, depends on the vaccine type. According to the study, current mRNA vaccines (Pfizer, Moderna) offer the greatest duration of protection, nearly three times as long as natural infection and the Johnson &amp; Johnson and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/hdfcs-net-profit-grows-by-19-other-income-grows-by-35/articleshow/92918390.cms">HDFC’s net profit grows by 19%, other income grows by 35%</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/finance/news/rupee-at-80-heres-how-a-falling-rupee-could-impact-indias-current-account-deficit/articleshow/92897064.cms">Rupee at 80: Here’s how a falling Rupee could impact India's current account deficit</a>

Booster shots important says new study as Covid vaccine protection is short-lived

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Former <keyword id="11899468" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="fda" source="Orion">FDA</keyword> commissioner <keyword id="12129647" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="scott-gottlieb" source="Orion">Scott Gottlieb</keyword> said the <keyword id="11917544" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="cdc" source="Orion">CDC</keyword> may eventually consider a person "fully vaccinated" against the <keyword id="11893194" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="coronavirus" source="Orion">coronavirus</keyword> if they have received a booster <keyword id="11894310" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="vaccine" source="Orion">vaccine</keyword> dose.</li><li>But the change is unlikely to happen this year due to ongoing debates about booster doses, he said.</li></ul>Scott Gottlieb, the former Commissioner of the US Food and Drug Administration, said Sunday that the US officials might eventually consider people "fully vaccinated" for COVID-19 only if they've had their additional booster dose of the vaccine. "I think at some point they're going to, but not this year, I think eventually this will be considered the three-dose vaccine, but I would be hard-pressed to believe CDC is going to make that recommendation any time soon, in part because of this debate about whether or not younger people who are less risk should be receiving that third dose," Gottlieb <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-dr-scott-gottlieb-on-face-the-nation-november-21-2021/">said during an appearance during CBS' "Face the Nation."</a>Dr. Anthony Fauci, the chief medical adviser to President Joe Biden and the longtime director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, on Sunday said the federal government's definition of fully vaccinated was not changing at present.That means people who had two doses of the mRNA Pfizer or Moderna vaccines continue to be considered fully vaccinated, as do individuals who received one dose of the Johnson &amp; Johnson vaccine.Fauci on Sunday, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/fauci-fully-vaccinated-wont-yet-change-to-include-booster-shots-2021-11">during an appearance on ABC News' "This Week," </a>said health officials were monitoring people who received booster shots to see what the "durability of that protection is." As Insider previously reported, the US Food and Drug Administration last week <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/fda-oks-pfizer-moderna-covid-19-booster-shot-for-all-adults-2021-11">expanded its emergency authorization for booster shot eligibility</a>, making all adults eligible to receive them after previously allowing them for older and at-risk populations.<a href="https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-health-new-mexico-pandemics-michelle-lujan-grisham-c23f4318ca3b3a8897399e7c7c322ddf">Some state leaders have suggested</a> their definition of fully vaccinated has changed, now requiring the booster dose."I think in cases where entities are going to mandate three doses for people who are six months out from the second dose, they're doing that because they're using the vaccine as a way to control transmission and try to end this pandemic," Gottlieb said Sunday."And you know, there are people in the public health committee who don't think that that's an inappropriate way to use the vaccine. But this is a debate that's going on right now in the public health community. And CDC's sort of stuttering approach to how they've embraced boosters is reflective of that debate," he added.

Former FDA commissioner says CDC will likely eventually require COVID-19 booster to be 'fully vaccinated'

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Pfizer and BioNTech will ask US regulators to authorize a COVID-19 <keyword id="127473" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Booster-shot">booster shot</keyword> within the next month.</li><li>The companies are developing a booster shot that will target the highly transmissible <keyword id="11357594" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="delta-variant">Delta variant</keyword>.</li><li>Clinical trials could begin as early as August, according to <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/08/pfizer-says-it-is-developing-a-covid-booster-shot-to-target-the-highly-transmissible-delta-variant.html">CNBC</a>. </li></ul>Pfizer Inc plans to ask U.S. regulators to authorize a booster dose of its COVID-19 <keyword id="24209" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="vaccine">vaccine</keyword> within the next month, the drugmaker's top scientist said on Thursday, based on evidence of greater risk of reinfection six months after inoculation and due to the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/delta-variant-is-like-covid-19-on-steroids-expert-says-2021-7">spread of the highly contagious Delta variant.</a> Pfizer and BioNTech said Thursday they are developing a booster shot that will specifically target the highly transmissible variant. While the companies said they believe a third shot of the two-dose vaccine already in existence could possibly provide the "highest levels" of protection against all currently known variants, they are developing an updated version in order to "remain vigilant," <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/08/pfizer-says-it-is-developing-a-covid-booster-shot-to-target-the-highly-transmissible-delta-variant.html">CNBC</a> reported. Clinical studies could begin as early as August, depending on regulatory approval, according to the outlet. Pfizer Chief Scientific Officer Mikael Dolsten said the recently <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-sees-drop-pfizer-covid-vaccine-protection-still-strong-severe-n1273101">reported dip</a> in the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/israels-reaction-delta-variant-covid-restrictions-2021-7">vaccine's effectiveness in Israel</a> was mostly due to infections in people who had been vaccinated in January or February. The country's <keyword id="6354750" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="health">health</keyword> ministry said vaccine effectiveness in preventing both infection and symptomatic disease fell to 64% in June. "The Pfizer vaccine is highly active against the Delta variant," Dolsten said in an interview with <keyword id="76338" type="CITY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Reuters">Reuters</keyword>. But after six months, he said, "there likely is the risk of reinfection as antibodies, as predicted, wane." Pfizer did not release the full set of Israeli data on Thursday, but said it would be published soon. He stressed that data from Israel and Britain suggests that even with waning antibody levels, the vaccine remains around 95% effective against severe disease. The vaccine, developed with German partner BioNTech SE, showed 95% efficacy in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 in a clinical trial the companies ran last year. Dolsten said that early data from the company's own studies show that a third booster dose generates antibody levels that are five to 10-fold higher than after the second dose, suggesting that a third dose will offer promising protection. He said that multiple countries in Europe and elsewhere have already approached Pfizer to discuss booster doses, and that some may begin administering them before a potential U.S. authorization. Dolsten said he believes that booster shots are particularly important in older age groups. Because boosters will drive increasing demand for vaccines as much of the world is still unvaccinated, Dolsten said Pfizer is looking at ways to boost production. Pfizer is already targeting production of 3 billion doses this year and 4 billion doses next year. Dolsten declined to give a forecast of exactly how many more doses the company could add, but said: "We can step up billion after billion in '22." Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla has said people will likely need a booster dose of the company's vaccine every 12 months - similar to an annual flu shot. But some scientists question when, or whether, such shots will be needed.

Pfizer to ask FDA to authorize booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine within the next month as Delta variant spreads

<ul><li>DCGI has approved market authorisation for the COVID-19 vaccine <keyword id="10678894" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="covovax" source="Orion">Covovax</keyword> as a heterologous booster dose for adults.</li><li>The DCGI's approval came following recommendations by the <keyword id="3923779" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="subject-expert-committee" source="Orion">Subject Expert Committee</keyword> of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (<keyword id="6375144" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="cdsco" source="Orion">CDSCO</keyword>).</li></ul>The <keyword id="6386816" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="drug-controller-general-of-india" source="Orion">Drug Controller General of India</keyword> (DCGI ) has approved market authorisation to COVID-19 vaccine Covovax as a heterologous booster dose for adults who have been administered two doses of <keyword id="9617748" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="covishield" source="Orion">Covishield</keyword> or <keyword id="9485939" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="covaxin" source="Orion">Covaxin</keyword>, official sources said on Monday. The DCGI's approval came following recommendation by the Subject Expert Committee of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO). Prakash Kumar Singh, Director of Government and Regulatory Affairs at the <keyword id="95879" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="serum-institute-of-india" source="Orion">Serum Institute of India</keyword> (<keyword id="52604" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="sii" source="Orion">SII</keyword>), had recently written to the DCGI for the approval of Covovax heterologous booster dose for those aged 18 years and above in view of escalating COVID-19 pandemic situation in some countries, an official source had said. "The Subject Expert Committee of the CDSCO on Wednesday deliberated on the issue and had recommended for market authorisation of Covid jab Covovax as a heterologous booster dose for adults who have been administered two doses of Covishield or Covaxin," an official source said. The DCGI had approved Covovax for restricted use in emergency situations in adults on December 28, 2021, in the 12-17 age group on March 9, 2022, and in children aged 7- 11 years on June 28 last year subject to certain conditions. Covovax is manufactured through technology transfer from Novavax. It has been approved by the European Medicines Agency for conditional marketing authorisation. It was granted emergency-use listing by the <keyword id="43588" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="world-health-organization" source="Orion">World Health Organization</keyword> (WHO) on December 17, 2021. In August 2020, US-based vaccine maker Novavax Inc. had announced a licence agreement with the SII for the development and commercialization of NVX-CoV2373, its COVID-19 vaccine candidate in <keyword id="3658" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="india" source="Orion">India</keyword> and low-and-middle-income countries. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/amazon-great-republic-day-sale-2023-best-deals-and-offers-on-tvs/articleshow/96987966.cms">Amazon Great Republic Day Sale 2023 – Best deals and offers on TVs</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/these-audio-setting-tweaks-can-make-music-sound-better-on-spotify/articleshow/96876010.cms">These audio setting tweaks can make music sound better on Spotify</a>

Serum Institute's Covovax gets DCGI approval as a heterologous booster dose

Top <keyword id="12660759" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Indian-genome-scientists" source="Orion">Indian genome scientists</keyword> have recommended a booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines for those above 40 years with preference to high-risk and high-exposure population. The recommendation was made in the weekly bulletin of the Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomics Sequencing Consortium (<keyword id="10505450" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="insacog" source="Orion">INSACOG</keyword>), a network of national testing labs set up by the government to monitor genomic variations of COVID-19. "Vaccination of all remaining unvaccinated at-risk people and consideration of a booster dose for those 40 years of age and over, first targeting the most high-risk / high-exposure may be considered," the INSACOG bulletin said. The recommendation came amid demands for a booster dose of covid vaccines by lawmakers during a discussion in the Lok Sabha on the pandemic situation in the country. Thr INSACOG said genomic surveillance will be critical for early detection of the presence of this variant, to enable necessary public health measures. It also recommended monitoring travel to and from the known affected areas, and contact tracing of COVID-19 cases with an epidemiological link to the affected areas has been implemented along with increased testing. "Vaccination of all remaining unvaccinated at-risk people and consideration of a booster dose for those 40 years of age and over, first targeting the most high-risk / high-exposure may be considered, since low levels of neutralising antibodies from current vaccines are unlikely to be sufficient to neutralise <keyword id="1609796" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="omicron" source="Orion">Omicron</keyword>, although risk of severe disease is still likely to be reduced," it said. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/poor-demand-for-star-healths-ipo-forces-investment-bankers-to-cut-down-on-promoter-offerings/articleshow/88065207.cms">Poor demand for Star Health’s IPO forces investment bankers to cut down on promoter offerings; GMP at ₹10 discount</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/nasa-grants-415-6-million-to-build-three-commercial-space-stations-in-low-earth-orbit/articleshow/88067097.cms">NASA grants $415.6 million to Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origins and more companies to build commercial space stations</a>

Indian genome scientists recommend COVID-19 booster dose for those above 40 years of age

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A top WHO official on Monday said not to pursue <keyword id="8763838" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="covid-19">COVID-19</keyword> <keyword id="24209" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="vaccine">vaccine</keyword> boosters, citing lack of evidence.</li><li>Some countries with advanced vaccine programs are considering a third-dose strategy. </li><li>At the same time, billions of people have been unable to access a first dose.</li></ul>World Health Organization officials on Monday said the world would look back "in shame" at countries pursuing booster doses for COVID-19 vaccines while other nations were still unable to shield their most vulnerable."The priority now must be to vaccinate those who have received no doses and protection," Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO's director-general, said at a press briefing.He said richer nations were ordering millions of booster doses before other countries had been able to vaccinate their health workers and most vulnerable.That is in spite of there being "no scientific evidence" that booster doses are needed at this time, according to Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, WHO's chief scientist."It may well be that you need boosters after one year or two years, but at this point after six months after the primary dose, there doesn't seem to be any indication," she said.Recommendations to move forward with a booster dose have "to be based on <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> and data, not on individual companies declaring that their vaccines should now be administered as a booster dose," she said.Swaminathan's remarks came as Pfizer worked to gain <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/fda-cdc-coronavirus-booster-shots-not-necessary-pfizer-seeks-authorization-2021-7">the OK for a booster shot of its vaccine in the US</a>.The US, however, is a "long way" from making a decision on booster shots, <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2021/07/12/when-and-how-will-we-know-covid-19-booster-shots/">said Dr. Anthony Fauci, the White House chief medical advisor, after a meeting with Pfizer</a>.Four countries have announced a booster program, and a few more are considering moving forward with boosters, Swaminathan said.This includes Israel, which on Monday started <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/11/israel-offers-covid-vaccine-booster-shots-to-at-risk-adults">administering booster doses to immunocompromised people</a>. The UK has also said it is <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/most-vulnerable-could-be-offered-booster-covid-19-vaccines-from-september">considering using booster doses in the fall</a>.Both nations have had swift and successful rollouts, making them among the best-protected nations in the world. They were able to pay high rates and leverage relationships with suppliers that smaller nations cannot.Billions of people still have yet to be vaccinated. <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations">According to Our World in Data,</a> only 1% of people in low-income countries have been given even a single dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. Some countries such as Papua New Guinea, Congo, and Chad have vaccinated less than 0.1% of their populations, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html">per figures compiled by The New York Times</a>.Singling out Moderna and Pfizer, Tedros said manufacturers should channel their limited supplies into vaccine-sharing programs like <keyword id="9549281" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="covax">COVAX</keyword>, rather than prioritizing supply for boosters.Dr. Michael Ryan, the WHO emergencies chief, said the world would look back "in anger" and "in shame" if the limited supply went to booster doses.Tedros called out the "greed" driving the disparity in vaccine supply."We're in the midst of a growing two-track pandemic where the haves and have-nots within and between countries are increasingly divergent," he said.

WHO warns countries not to hoard vaccines for 3rd doses while poor countries don't have any

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The FDA authorized booster shots of the <keyword id="11901412" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="moderna" source="Orion">Moderna</keyword> and J&amp;J vaccines on Wednesday.</li><li>The agency also authorized people to get a different <keyword id="11894310" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="vaccine" source="Orion">vaccine</keyword> brand as a booster shot.</li></ul>The Food and Drug Administration <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-takes-additional-actions-use-booster-dose-covid-19-vaccines">authorized on Wednesday</a> booster shots for Moderna's and Johnson &amp; Johnson's COVID-19 vaccines.The FDA said that it had authorized booster doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine for patients aged 65 and older as well as younger people at high risk of severe disease.For the J&amp;J vaccine, the FDA authorized a booster dose for anyone who has recieved the vaccine. <h2>A third shot of Moderna for at-risk adults</h2>The FDA's decision comes after <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/moderna-covid-19-booster-shot-timeline-fda-authorization-2021-10">an advisory panel unanimously voted</a> to recommend the Moderna booster shot on October 14, saying that data shows that the booster shot leads to a strong immune response and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/most-common-side-effects-of-moderna-covid-19-booster-shot-2021-10">similar side effects</a> as the first two doses."We remain committed to staying ahead of the virus and following the evolving epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2," Moderna CEO Stéphane Bancel said <a href="https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-announces-fda-advisory-committee-unanimously-votes">in a statement</a> after the committee's vote. "We look forward to making our booster available to people in the U.S. to help protect themselves against this ongoing public <keyword id="11894571" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="health" source="Orion">health</keyword> emergency."The booster shot will be half the strength of the first two Moderna vaccines, and should be given at least six months after the second dose of the vaccine. Moderna is still studying the third booster dose, and the data that it has presented to the FDA is limited.<h2><div type="image" title="Moderna CEO Stephane Bancel" height="3024" width="4032" msid="87172357" hostid="261"></div></h2>The data includes a small sample of 149 volunteers who got the booster shot in a phase 2 trial and had their antibody levels measured and compared to antibody levels after the second dose. The research showed that the antibody levels from the booster shot reached the same level as after the second dose, but not all of the patients saw a 4-fold increase in antibodies, one of the FDA's criteria. "The data itself is not strong," said FDA committee member Dr. Patrick Moore on October 14. Moore, a microbiology and molecular genetics professor at the University of Pittsburgh said he voted to recommend the vaccine anyway based on a "gut feeling."The booster shots appear to be just as safe as the initial two doses of the vaccine, with most people experiencing mild to moderate side effects. This is true even though the booster shot dose is half the strength of the original two doses. Both of the original doses were 100 micrograms, while the third shot is 50 micrograms. The <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/most-common-side-effects-of-moderna-covid-19-booster-shot-2021-10">most common booster shot side effects</a> include pain at the injection site, fatigue, headache, and muscle pain. <div type="image" title="johnson &amp; johnson vaccine" height="1194" width="1592" msid="87172358" hostid="261"></div><h2>A second J&amp;J shot for everyone</h2>The FDA also authorized a second dose of the Johnson &amp; Johnson booster shot for everyone who has gotten that vaccine.Unlike the <keyword id="11976522" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="mrna" source="Orion">mRNA</keyword>-based shots, which are given as two doses, the J&amp;J vaccine was initially authorized as a single-dose shot. Also unlike the mRNA shots, the FDA recommended that all 15 million people in the US who got a J&amp;J shot be eligible for a booster shot, regardless of age or risk of severe disease.People can get a booster shot as soon as two months after their first J&amp;J vaccine dose. J&amp;J <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jj-covid-19-booster-shot-backed-by-fda-expert-panel-2021-10">submitted data</a> to the FDA from a study that included just 17 volunteers who got a second dose after six months. While that data appeared to meet the FDA's goals for what a booster should do, later on the FDA's review stated the results are limited by the small sample size and were also impacted by a subpar lab test J&amp;J used.J&amp;J also has data from a much larger trial of 16,000 volunteers who got a booster shot after only two months. While this data hasn't been <a href="https://www.insider.com/fda-not-enough-evidence-to-support-jj-booster-vaccine-yet-2021-10">independently verified by FDA scientists</a>, it does show more evidence of the benefit of a booster shot. "We now have generated evidence that a booster shot further increases protection against COVID-19 and is expected to extend the duration of protection significantly," Dr. Paul Stoffels, J&amp;J's chief scientific officer, said in a <a href="https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-announces-real-world-evidence-and-phase-3-data-confirming-strong-and-long-lasting-protection-of-single-shot-covid-19-vaccine-in-the-u-s">September news release</a>. <h2>FDA also endorses mix &amp; match for booster shots</h2>The FDA also authorized a "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/fda-plans-to-allow-people-mix-match-covid-booster-shots-2021-10">mix-and-match</a>" approach for Americans seeking booster shots, allowing Americans to receive a different brand of COVID-19 vaccine as a booster than the one they initially received. These vaccines are also called "heterologous" booster shots. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jj-boosters-moderna-pfizer-provide-better-response-new-study-2021-10">Recent results from a new study</a> found that an mRNA booster shot after the J&amp;J shot might lead to a better immune response compared to a second J&amp;J booster.This "mix-and-match" trial enrolled 458 people who had been vaccinated with either Pfizer's, Moderna's, or J&amp;J's vaccine, then offered a boost of one of those three brands. J&amp;J recipients saw a significantly larger jump in virus-fighting antibody levels with a Moderna or Pfizer booster compared to a second J&amp;J shot."What the study shows is that regardless of what an individual received originally, getting boosted with one of the three vaccines that we evaluated, the one from Moderna, the one from Janssen, the one from Pfizer, led to good antibody responses in each of the groups," lead study author Dr. Robert Atmar from Baylor College of Medicine told Insider at the time.

The FDA just authorized booster shots of Moderna's and Johnson & Johnson's COVID-19 vaccines and is letting users mix and match shots

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="11897118" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="pfizer" source="Orion">Pfizer</keyword>'s COVID-19 <keyword id="11896085" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="booster-shot" source="Orion">booster shot</keyword> yields mild to moderate <keyword id="11999128" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="side-effects" source="Orion">side effects</keyword>, much like its second dose.</li><li>Injection-site pain is the most common, as well as headaches and fatigue.</li></ul>A third dose of Pfizer's <keyword id="11893194" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="coronavirus" source="Orion">coronavirus</keyword> vaccine yields mild to moderate side effects, much like the second shot, according to <a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/152161/download">data released this month by the Food and Drug Administration</a>.The FDA has authorized a third dose, or "booster," for people 65 years and older and others at high risk of severe COVID-19. That includes people who are more likely to get sick because of their health status, as well those who are at high risk of exposure due to where they live and work - such as <keyword id="11897506" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="healthcare" source="Orion">healthcare</keyword> workers, teachers and daycare staff, grocery store workers, and residents of homeless shelters or prisons.On Thursday, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended a booster at least 6 months after the second dose for: People 65 years and older, nursing home residents, and people ages 50 to 64 with underlying medical conditions. The agency said others who might consider a booster include younger adults with underlying medical conditions or those at increased risk of COVID-19 exposure because of their job or living arrangement.Data from Pfizer shows that protection from its vaccine declines over time, and that a third dose is safe. In its booster trial, participants saw 3.3 times higher antibody levels one month after the booster than one month after their second dose.The most frequent side effects were injection-site pain, fatigue, headache, muscle and joint pain, and chills. Here's how common each of these side effects was among the participants:<ul><li>Injection site pain: 83%</li><li>Fatigue: 63.7%</li><li>Headache: 48.4%</li><li>Muscle and joint pain: 39.1%</li><li>Chills: 29.1%</li></ul>Only one trial participant had an adverse event after the booster that was considered to be severe: They experienced lymphadenopathy, or swelling of the lymph nodes, two days after the shot. That resolved after the fifth day. (Overall, 16 participants reported some level of swelling in their lymph nodes.)<h2>Data from Israel suggests side effects resolve after 1-3 days</h2>Other reports have also indicated that booster side effects are mild and fleeting. A <a href="https://www.jpost.com/health-and-wellness/covid-booster-shot-side-effects-israeli-health-fund-survey-explains-679456">report</a> from Maccabi Health Services, one of Israel's four major health providers, found that booster side effects usually go away within one to three days.Maccabi surveyed more than 9,200 adults in Israel who'd recently received a third dose of Pfizer's vaccine. In general, the following portions of adults reported these side effects:<ul><li>Injection site pain: 87%</li><li>Weakness and fatigue: 57%</li><li>Headache: 36%</li><li>Muscle pain: 26%</li><li>Swollen lymph nodes: 19%</li><li>Joint pain: 14%</li><li>Fever over 38 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit): 9%</li><li>Fever up to 38 degrees Celsius: 8% </li></ul>Half of the surveyed adults said the booster shot yielded worse side effects than the second dose. But the other half said the booster side effects were the same or milder.In <a href="http://clalitresearch.org/largest-real-world-study-of-covid-19-vaccine-safety-published-by-israels-clalit-research-institute-in-the-new-england-journal-of-medicine/">another survey</a> from Clalit Health Services, Israel's largest healthcare provider, 88% of participants said they felt "similar or better" after their Pfizer booster than after dose two. <h2>How the first 2 doses compare to a booster shot</h2><div type="image" title="child Pfizer vaccine" height="1333" width="2000" msid="86231731" hostid="261"></div>The mRNA vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna instruct the body to produce a harmless viral protein, then develop antibodies against it. The first dose of Pfizer's vaccine generally <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/most-common-side-effects-of-coronavirus-vaccines-2021-4">produces the mildest side effects</a>, since our bodies are being introduced to the instructions and the resulting protein for the first time.By the time we receive a second dose, our bodies have learned to recognize that protein quickly, so are ready to attack it. That's why side effects are generally more pronounced. (If you've had COVID-19 before, though, your first dose may yield more intense side effects than your second.) After their first Pfizer shot, 47% of adults ages 18 to 55 reported fatigue. That number rose to 59% after the second dose. Reports of a headache also rose from 42% to 52% from the first to second dose, while reports of muscle pain rose from 21% to 37%. Scientists don't expect boosters to yield worse side effects than the second shot, nor any higher risk of severe allergic reactions."If you've tolerated two doses of a vaccine, you're far less likely to have an anaphylactic reaction to a third dose," Kawsar Talaat, an infectious-disease physician at Johns Hopkins Medicine, recently <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2021/09/07/how-risk-side-effects-could-change-covid-19-vaccine-boosters/">told STAT</a>.<h2>Boosters haven't been authorized for all US adults yet</h2><div type="image" title="covid vaccine empty pharmacy" height="2533" width="3800" msid="86231732" hostid="261"></div>US regulators recommend boosters for elderly people because their immunity from vaccines tends to wane more quickly than average. Immunocompromised people, including cancer and HIV patients, as well as those who've had organ transplants, may also mount a weaker immune response to vaccines.But many questions remain about boosters. In addition to the CDC and FDA's slightly different recommendations, an <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/members/index.html">independent group</a> of advisors to the CDC put forth its own guidelines on Thursday. The group recommended boosters for nursing home residents, people 65 and older, and all adults with underlying medical conditions - but not for healthcare workers, teachers, or prisoners.Boosting younger adults wouldn't do much to prevent COVID-19 hospitalizations, the group said. Other experts have similarly argued that there's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/covid-19-booster-shots-lack-evidence-18-leading-experts-say-2021-9">no need for the widespread use of boosters</a> yet.In <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02046-8/fulltext">a review published in The Lancet</a>, 18 scientists warned of potential risks of introducing boosters too frequently or too soon. In particular, the scientists worried that boosters might unnecessarily lead to higher instances of rare side effects like myocarditis, a type of heart inflammation. But Pfizer didn't record any cases of myocarditis in its booster trial."We continue to believe in the benefits of a booster dose for a broader population," Kathrin Jansen, Pfizer's head of vaccine research and development, said in a statement.Hilary Brueck contributed reporting.

The most common side effects to expect after your Pfizer booster: headache, fatigue, and pain at the injection site

<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="11898740" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="johnson-johnson" source="Orion">Johnson &amp; Johnson</keyword> applied to give COVID-19 booster shots 6 months after the first was administered.</li><li>But the <keyword id="11899468" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="fda" source="Orion">FDA</keyword> isn't convinced there's enough data yet to back a <keyword id="11911199" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="jj" source="Orion">J&amp;J</keyword> <keyword id="11896085" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="booster-shot" source="Orion">booster shot</keyword>. </li></ul>Johnson &amp; Johnson wants to give people who received one dose of its COVID-19 <keyword id="11894310" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="vaccine" source="Orion">vaccine</keyword> a second dose, but it's unclear if the US Food and Drug Administration is onboard. In <a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/153037/download">documents released Wednesday</a>, the FDA pointed out several key limitations in the evidence that J&amp;J submitted for a booster shot. The agency is currently reviewing J&amp;J's application to give an extra dose as early as two months after the single-shot jab. An FDA expert panel will meet Friday to discuss and vote on J&amp;J's booster application. In particular, the agency highlighted the lack of robust clinical trial results supporting giving a booster six months following the first dose. J&amp;J submitted results from a study that included just 17 volunteers who got a second dose after six months. While that data appeared to meet the FDA's goals for what a booster should do, the agency said the results are limited by the small sample size and were also impacted by the low sensitivity of a lab test J&amp;J used.J&amp;J argued for a booster six months after the initial shot <a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/152954/download">in its own report released Tuesday</a>."A booster dose is recommended at 6 months or later, based on the strength of the immune responses," the company wrote, while adding it wanted to make a booster available as early as two months after the first shot. There's far more evidence supporting a second dose of J&amp;J given two months after the first shot. But that dataset, which includes more than 16,000 volunteers, has yet to be independently reviewed and verified by by FDA scientists, the agency said. Now, <a href="https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-total-admin-rate-total">15 million American</a> who got J&amp;J's vaccine are left wondering if and when a booster could be available. It's also unclear if the agency will consider authorizing Pfizer's or Moderna's shot for J&amp;J recipients as well. Despite the limitations highlighted by the FDA's review, it's still possible the agency will OK J&amp;J's booster shot. Data has shown J&amp;J recipients <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7038e1.htm">are less protected against hospitalization and death than people who got Moderna and Pfizer</a>.

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