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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Humans have been studying <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-2024-total-solar-eclipse-cool-best-special-nasa-2024-1">total solar eclipses</a> for millennia to better understand the cosmos.</li><li>Total eclipses have helped prove Einstein's theory of relativity and led to the discovery of helium.</li></ul>On April 8, millions of people across the US will all do the same thing: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/reasons-to-see-total-eclipse-convince-boss-miss-work-2024-4">look up</a>.In the middle of the afternoon, day will shift to night, as a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-map-nasa-where-when-see-path-of-totality-2024-3">total solar eclipse</a> touches 15 states.We know now what causes a total <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/devil-comet-visible-during-total-solar-eclipse-how-see-2024-4">solar eclipse</a>. But our ancient ancestors from millennia ago weren't so certain, and that was bad news for some scientists.In the 21st century BCE, China's emporer <a target="_blank" href="https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/eclipse-history">reportedly</a> had two astronomers beheaded for not <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/total-eclipse-solar-power-generation-states-outside-path-totality-2024-3">predicting a total eclipse</a>.Over the centuries, total eclipses became less dire and more of an opportunity to test scientific theories and forge <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/helio-year-sun-solar-system-probe-eclipse-events-2024-1">new discoveries</a>.Here are seven times a total solar eclipse has helped advance human science.<h2>1. Measuring Earth's rotation</h2><div type="image" title="Aerial view of planet Earth covered in clouds." height="1411" width="2124" msid="109088911" hostid="261" sizebytes="77030"></div>Some of the earliest suspected records of eclipses <a target="_blank" href="https://science.nasa.gov/eclipses/history/">date back</a> thousands of years.Some experts have suggested petroglyphs or rock carvings found on a monument in Ireland reference an eclipse that took place on November 30 in the year 3,340 BCE. Others have <a target="_blank" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/08/18/this-5000-year-old-stone-carving-may-be-the-worlds-first-drawing-of-an-eclipse/">expressed</a> skepticism.Human-made markings on tortoise shells from China and a Babylonian tablet from over 3,000 years ago may also contain ancient references to eclipses.Though these records are open to interpretation, scholars have <a target="_blank" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/rotation.html">studied</a> historical descriptions of eclipses for centuries. It's how 18th-century astronomer Edmond Halley first realized the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-if-earth-stopped-spinning">Earth's rotation</a> has slowed over millennia.<h2>2. Discovering what causes eclipses</h2><div type="image" title="Engraving of Pericles stands next to Anaxagoras, who is sitting on steps next to columns in Ancient Greece" height="1500" width="2263" msid="109088912" hostid="261" sizebytes="1159624"></div>Two modern scholars <a target="_blank" href="https://daily.jstor.org/anaxagoras-and-the-eclipse-the-first-to-get-it-right/">give</a> Greek philosopher Anaxagoras of Clazomenae credit for figuring out the moon's role in eclipses, calling him "perhaps the first empirical astronomer."He likely developed his theories after witnessing an annular, or "<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/october-solar-eclipse-annular-ring-of-fire-where-how-watch-2023-10">ring of fire</a>," eclipse on February 17, 478 BCE. While he got some of the science right, his overall understanding of the solar system was a product of its time.Anaxagoras, for example, thought that air pressure kept the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-living-on-flat-earth-would-look-like-2017-11">flat Earth</a> aloft at the center of the rotating sun, moon, and stars. Despite that error, he worked out the basic mechanics behind eclipses.Anaxagoras correctly believed the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-watch-da-vinci-glow-ghostly-shine-moon-phenomenon-2023-5">moon reflected</a> the sun's light. He was also accurate in his theories that when the moon moved in front of the sun, it caused a solar eclipse. Similarly, when the Earth was in between the sun and moon, there would be a lunar eclipse.He also used the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-lunar-eclipses-work-earth-moon-red-shadow-2018-7">moon's shadow</a> during an eclipse to estimate its size, but his calculations gave him a much smaller answer than reality.<h2>3. Estimating the moon's distance from Earth</h2><div type="image" title="A person is seated looking through a telescope with astrological instruments nearby in Ancient Greece" height="1500" width="2172" msid="109088915" hostid="261" sizebytes="589214"></div>On March 14, 189 BCE, a total solar eclipse swept over what is now northern Turkey. Greek astronomer Hipparchus would have just been a child at the time, but it's possible he saw the event.Years later, Hipparchus may have used secondhand accounts of that same eclipse to make one of the era's most mathematically accurate estimates of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mind-boggling-nasa-photo-shows-moon-distance-from-earth-2022-10">moon's distance from Earth</a>.Though Hipparchus' direct writings are lost, a 4th-century scholar <a target="_blank" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021828618817175">detailed</a> how he used the information.The astronomer estimated the distance between where the total eclipse was in modern day Turkey and Alexandria, Egypt — where a fifth of the sun showed — to make his calculation.Based on his math, Hipparchus offered a few ranges, including a mean distance of about 281,387 miles.He wasn't terribly far off. The moon is about 238,855 miles away.<h2>4. Predicting the path of an eclipse</h2><div type="image" title="A map of England showing the path of an 18th century eclipse" height="2445" width="2000" msid="109088917" hostid="261" sizebytes="708824"></div>In the 11th or 12th century, Mayan astronomers made a remarkable prediction for their time: They calculated that a total solar eclipse would occur in 1991, and their prediction was accurate to within a day.It would be centuries until humans made a more accurate prediction. In the 18th century, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/edmond-halley-solar-lunar-eclipse-manuscripts-sell-auction-2023-12">Edmond Halley</a>, better known for discovering a comet with his name, made a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2015/may/03/halleys-eclipse-newtonian-selling-science-history">map</a> predicting the path of the May 3, 1715 solar eclipse with extreme accuracy.Others made maps before him, but Halley based his prediction on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/isaac-newton-burnt-notes-pyramids-apocalypse-theology-sold-auction-2020-12">Isaac Newton</a>'s theory of universal gravitation, which helped him pinpoint the eclipse's timing to within four minutes.<h2>5. The discovery of helium</h2><div type="image" title="A drawing of several people seated and standing around astronomical equipment in the late 19th century in India" height="1500" width="2175" msid="109088919" hostid="261" sizebytes="650872"></div><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rare-element-arctic-lava-suggest-earth-core-may-leaking-2023-10">Helium</a> is very abundant in the universe but rare on Earth. It took an eclipse for an astronomer to discover it.French astronomer Pierre Jules César Janssen had <a target="_blank" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-scientists-discovered-helium-first-alien-element-1868-180970057/">traveled</a> to Guntur, India just for the August 18, 1868 eclipse. He was using a spectroscope, a prism-like device for separating sunlight into a spectrum.Janssen saw a yellow line with a wavelength unlike any other element. Around the same time, English astronomer Norman Lockyer developed an instrument for viewing the sun even without an eclipse. He saw the same line.Lockyer called the mysterious element helium. It took a couple of decades for scientists to see it on Earth, during experiments on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/italy-skeleton-of-a-roman-killed-steps-from-sea-fled-vesuvius-eruption-2021-12">Mount Vesuvius</a> lava and uranium.<h2>6. Proof of Einstein's theory of relativity</h2><div type="image" title="A building holds a large piece of astronomical equipment with a long tube and rectangular box" height="1500" width="2244" msid="109088922" hostid="261" sizebytes="221628"></div>Astronomer James Craig Watson was certain he'd <a target="_blank" href="https://www.american-eclipse.com/">found</a> proof of a new planet during the 1878 eclipse. Supposedly located between the Sun and Mercury, Vulcan was only visible when the moon blocked the giant star.Several more eclipses passed without anyone finding evidence of Vulcan. In 1915, Albert Einstein <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/einstein-showed-newton-was-wrong-about-gravity-now-scientists-are-ncna1038671">explained</a> Mercury's unusual orbit with his general <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/albert-einstein-thought-experiments-2023-10">theory of relativity</a>. It fit the data better than a mysterious, difficult-to-spot extra planet.Despite this evidence, Einstein's theory didn't receive scientific proof until the May 29, 1919 eclipse. The physicist had said the sun's gravity would bend light from nearby stars.In 1919, expeditions traveled to Principe, an island off the coast of Africa, and Brazil. While the moon blocked the sun, the astronomers took photographs.The stars seemed to have shifted locations compared to the reference photos. The apparent new locations showed the sun was bending the light within the measurements that <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/russell-einstein-manifesto-nuclear-weapons-bombs-danger-2024-2">Einstein predicted</a>.<h2>7. Studying eclipses from space</h2><div type="image" title="A large antenna dish beneath a solar eclipse" height="1383" width="2055" msid="109088924" hostid="261" sizebytes="79024"></div>Gemini 12 astronauts Jim Lovell and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/buzz-aldrin-thoughts-lunar-module-moon-liftoff-2017-7">Buzz Aldrin</a> were the first humans to see a total eclipse from space. The November 12, 1966 eclipse moved from Peru to Brazil, and the astronauts hovered near the path of totality.It was a coincidence that they were close enough to see it, according to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-history-of-total-solar-eclipses-seen-by-astronauts-from-outer-space-180983909/">Smithsonian Magazine</a>. Aldrin's photos were unfocused and a bit disappointing.Four years later, TV networks <a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8i9qNslaJA">broadcast</a> the "eclipse of the century," full of images of the event. NASA also launched over two dozen rockets to study <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-sunscreen-is-not-enough-to-protect-you-from-sun-2023-9">UV radiation</a> and solar X-rays during the phenomenon.The agency still uses rockets to gather data during eclipses and will launch three on April 8.

7 times a total solar eclipse revolutionized science 

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A total solar <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-map-nasa-where-when-see-path-of-totality-2024-3">eclipse will be visible</a> from Texas to Maine on Monday.</li><li>This cosmic event occurs when the Earth, sun, and moon align perfectly.</li></ul>A <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/why-2024-total-solar-eclipse-cool-best-special-nasa-2024-1">total solar eclipse</a> will turn afternoon skies dark from Texas to Maine on Monday.During the eclipse, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mind-boggling-nasa-photo-shows-moon-distance-from-earth-2022-10">the moon</a> will cross between the Earth and the sun, completely blocking out the sun's light. If you're in the moon's shadow, the sky will go dark for about three to four minutes, depending on your location.It's the climax of a cosmic dance between <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/human-activities-change-earth-spin-time-keeping-2024-3">our planet</a>, the moon, and the sun.<h2>What causes a total solar eclipse</h2>During a total solar eclipse, three key conditions happen at the same time: The moon is in the "new moon" phase; the moon crosses the plane of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-if-the-earth-stopped-orbiting-the-sun-2019-10">Earth's orbit</a>; and the moon is at its closest point to Earth in its orbit.When those conditions are just right, the Earth, sun, and moon line up. This diagram shows how that looks:<div type="image" title="bi_graphics_solareclipse" height="931" width="1200" msid="109110715" hostid="261" sizebytes="39234"></div>Then, if you're in the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/great-american-total-solar-eclipse-where-view-see-cities-visible-2024-2">path of totality</a> — which is basically the center of the moon's shadow, called the umbra — the moon appears to obscure the sun.If you're in the penumbra — the outer region of the moon's shadow — you'll see a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-stunning-images-show-sun-obscured-in-rare-event-2021-6">partial solar eclipse</a>, where the moon appears to partially overlap the sun.A total solar eclipse happens somewhere on Earth about every 18 months on average. It's rare for one to occur in any single place, though, because of the complex movements of the Earth and moon.The moon orbits Earth every 29.5 days, while Earth has its own orbit around the sun. The moon's orbit is tilted about five degrees, which is large enough to keep its shadow off the Earth and the Earth's shadow off the moon most of the time.<div type="image" title="the fuzzy circular shadow of the moon appears on white clouds that cover the curvature of earth as seen from space" height="1500" width="2254" msid="109110716" hostid="261" sizebytes="156392"></div>There are two points — called nodes — where the moon's orbit crosses the Earth's plane. In the diagram above, the moon is lined up on a node.The moon aligns with the nodes and the sun about twice per year, which is how we get eclipses. A solar eclipse happens when the moon is between the Earth and sun. A <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/lunar-eclipse-turn-full-moon-blood-red-on-election-day-2022-11">lunar eclipse</a> happens when the moon is on the other side of the Earth, farthest from the sun.<h2>What the total solar eclipse will look like</h2>In the path of totality on Monday, where the moon's umbra falls over Earth, the total solar eclipse will have <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-2017-phases-of-a-total-solar-eclipse-2017-8">10 distinct phases</a>, each with different amounts of the sun visible from the ground.<div type="image" title="solar eclipse" height="2334" width="3500" msid="109110717" hostid="261" sizebytes="55390"></div>The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/total-solar-eclipse-rare-phenomena-to-watch-2024-3">phenomenon</a> kicks off with what's called first contact, when the moon starts to pass across the sun. After about an hour, the moon will almost completely mask the sun, and you'll start to see a bright light radiate out of the sliver of remaining sun, known as the "diamond ring."Then the moon will fully eclipse the sun, turning the sky dark in the middle of the day.During totality only the sun's outermost atmosphere, called the corona, will be visible glowing around the dark disc of the moon.After that, the moon will continue to travel across the sky to form another crescent. The eclipse ends when the moon ceases to cover the sun.<h2>Types of solar eclipses</h2>There are three <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-a-solar-eclipse-2017-8">types of solar eclipses</a>.Total solar eclipses, like this one, occur when the moon appears to completely cover the sun. If the moon only somewhat covers the sun, that's a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/partial-solar-eclipse-in-august-2018-8">partial eclipse</a>. Many people who are near the path of totality, but not in it, on Monday will see a partial eclipse.The third type, an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/october-solar-eclipse-annular-ring-of-fire-where-how-watch-2023-10">annular eclipse</a>, occurs when the moon is too far from Earth to fully block out the sun from our perspective. The outer edge of the sun remains visible as a bright ring around the moon.<div type="image" title="Annular eclipse" height="1125" width="1500" msid="109110718" hostid="261" sizebytes="20660"></div>A total solar eclipse is considered the most spectacular. Globally, only about a third of all solar eclipses are total.The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/reasons-to-see-total-eclipse-convince-boss-miss-work-2024-4">next total solar eclipse</a> in the contiguous US will be in 2044. <h2>How to watch the eclipse</h2><div type="image" title="huddle of people look up toward the sun while holding pink eclipse glasses up to their eyes in front of a wall of sand colored bricks in desert landscape" height="1500" width="2250" msid="109110721" hostid="261" sizebytes="136556"></div>If you plan to watch the eclipse, make sure you are wearing ISO-certified <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-approved-eclipse-glasses-brands-2017-8">eclipse glasses</a>. These are 1,000 times darker than regular sunglasses. Without them, staring at the sun could damage your eyes. The only safe time to look at the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/safety-tips-watching-partial-solar-eclipse-2017-8">eclipse without glasses</a> is during totality.Leanna Garfield and Anaele Pelisson contributed to an earlier version of this post.

This diagram shows what happens during a total solar eclipse

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Millions of people in the US will be able to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-where-when-see-solar-eclipse-united-states-nasa-map-2023-3">see a total solar eclipse</a> on April 8.</li><li>Some highly populated US cities are right in the path of the eclipse, so people can easily view it.</li></ul>Millions of people will be able to don <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-2017-how-to-know-if-solar-eclipse-glasses-are-safe-2017-8">protective glasses</a> and view a spectacular total solar eclipse on Monday, starting around 1 p.m. CT.If this sounds familiar, it's because in 2017, a 70-mile-wide band of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-of-2017-total-solar-eclipse-gatherings-across-the-us-2017-8">the US saw a total solar eclipse</a>, while many other areas saw a partial eclipse. People drove across states and gathered near planetariums just to see those fleeting minutes when, in the middle of the day, the sky went dark.But the total eclipse coming next week will be even cooler, excited NASA <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/comet-heading-earth-bright-outshine-stars-scientists-c-2023-a32023-3">scientists</a> told reporters at an American Geophysical Union meeting in December."Those of us who've seen eclipses know that you want to see your next one," Kelly Korreck, NASA's program manager for the 2024 solar eclipse, said during a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xrjy_q1AYo">roundtable</a> at the meeting.She added that having one in such recent memory likely has many people excited for <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/helio-year-sun-solar-system-probe-eclipse-events-2024-1">this year's</a>.While <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/every-total-solar-eclipse-until-2040-video-2017-8">total solar eclipses</a> aren't exactly rare, there are a few circumstances around this upcoming event that make it unique, from its path across the US to an abundance of solar activity to a plethora of scientific projects that NASA and others have planned for the few minutes when the moon will seem to cover the sun.<h2>Over 30 million people will be able to see the total solar eclipse</h2><div type="image" title="A cheerleader smiles as she looks up at the sky holding eclipse glasses." height="1333" width="2000" msid="107014321" hostid="261"></div>There are three <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-a-solar-eclipse-2017-8">types of solar eclipses</a>:<ol><li>an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/october-solar-eclipse-annular-ring-of-fire-where-how-watch-2023-10">annular eclipse</a> appears as a bright ring around the moon</li><li>a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-stunning-images-show-sun-obscured-in-rare-event-2021-6">partial eclipse</a> only partly blocks the sun</li><li>in a total eclipse, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mind-boggling-nasa-photo-shows-moon-distance-from-earth-2022-10">the moon</a> seems to cover the sun entirely</li></ol>In 2017, the continental US had its <a target="_blank" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/when-is-next-solar-eclipse-when-was-last-solar-eclipse-2017-8">first coast-to-coast total eclipse</a> since 1918. Portions of 14 states were in the path, but populated cities like Atlanta and Charlotte, North Carolina, were not.This year, more people will be able to see the eclipse without having to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/great-american-total-solar-eclipse-where-view-see-cities-visible-2024-2">travel</a>.The path spreads from Mexico to northeastern Canada.<div type="image" title="usa map with band showing path of total solar eclipse from Texas to Maine" height="960" width="1920" msid="108309749" hostid="261"></div>"This is going to be the most populated eclipse in the US, with 31.5 million people able to just walk outside of their homes and experience this event," Korreck said.Dallas, Cleveland, and Indianapolis are all positioned for prime total eclipse viewing.<h2>The eclipse will last slightly longer than the last one did</h2>Depending on your location, you'll have about 3 to 4 minutes to watch the moon blot out <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sunspots-15-times-size-of-earth-solar-storm-into-view-2023-11">the sun</a>.That peak of the eclipse, called totality, will last slightly longer than the one in 2017 did, Korreck said.US residents who miss this year's eclipse will have to wait another couple of decades for a similar event. The next total solar eclipses visible in the contiguous US will be in 2044 and 2045, but neither will cut through Cleveland or Indianapolis."You're not going to get another eclipse for quite a while," Korreck said.<h2>An active sun should make for incredible viewing</h2>In 2017, the sun was fairly quiet during the eclipse. As it approaches its <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-maximum-could-sooner-than-expected-2023-6">solar maximum</a>, it's been spitting out <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sun-more-active-solar-storms-auroras-power-outages-grounded-flights-2023-2">solar flares</a>.Korreck hopes to see a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-video-footage-shows-sun-solar-activity-increasing-2023-5">coronal mass ejection</a> during the eclipse. CMEs are high-speed blobs of plasma that erupt out of the sun's corona, or outer layer."You would see that kind of inky mass just leave the sun at that point in time," Korreck said. "So it would be pretty spectacular."<div type="image" title="solar eclipse" height="683" width="1024" msid="107014326" hostid="261"></div>If that happens, Korreck said there should be increased <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/northern-lights-aurora-borealis-visible-17-states-including-new-york-2023-7">aurora borealis activity</a> a few days later. Even if there's no CME, the images could be more dynamic than in 2017, with more whisp-like prominences radiating from the sun."It should be a very <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sun-images-reveal-creepy-threads-holes-light-bridge-solar-surface-2023-5">complex-looking sun</a>," Korreck said.<h2>Balloons, rockets, and citizen scientists will be tracking the eclipse</h2>There's a reason solar eclipses are a big deal in the scientific community. "They provide you with the opportunity to do experiments that you cannot do otherwise," Nour E. Raouafi, an astrophysicist with Johns Hopkins University, said during the roundtable.An eclipse in 1919 <a target="_blank" href="https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/testing-general-relativity">proved</a> Albert Einstein's <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/albert-einsteins-theory-of-relativity-notes-sold-for-13-million-2021-11">theory of relativity</a>, he said.<div type="image" title="huddle of people look up toward the sun while holding pink eclipse glasses up to their eyes in front of a wall of sand colored bricks in desert landscape" height="1500" width="2250" msid="107014328" hostid="261"></div>This will probably be the most observed total solar eclipse in history.That's because NASA and other institutions will be using radar, balloons, spacecraft, and jets to perform experiments and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mars-solar-eclipse-nasa-perseverance-rover-phobos-sun-2023-10">gather data during the eclipse</a>. NASA is interested in tracking changes to density, wind speed, and temperatures at the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-rockets-holes-in-ionosphere-2023-11">ionosphere</a> — part of the Earth's upper atmosphere — during the event.Unlike the 2017 eclipse, there are now two <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-on-mission-to-touch-the-sun-in-milestone-for-space-exploration-2023-12">sun-scrutinizing spacecraft</a> circling our star. It's an opportunity NASA has never had before — to monitor the sun up close, from two different space observatories, while instruments here on Earth study the eclipse.That should give scientists more comprehensive eclipse data than they've ever had.There are tons of <a target="_blank" href="https://science.nasa.gov/eclipses/citizen-science/">citizen scientist projects</a> taking place, too. NASA is hoping people will use their Ham radios, telescopes, cameras, and phones to record images, sounds, and observations during the eclipse.This story was originally published in January 2024 and most recently updated on April 4, 2024.

Why NASA says the total solar eclipse on Monday will be way cooler than any before it

The mission, known as <keyword id="19026307" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="atmospheric-perturbations" source="Orion">Atmospheric Perturbations</keyword> around the Eclipse Path or APEP, is led by <keyword id="19026308" type="General" weightage="50" keywordseo="aroh-barjatya" source="Orion">Aroh Barjatya</keyword>, will study how the sudden drop in sunlight affects our upper atmosphere, the space agency has said. On October 14, people viewing the annular solar eclipse will experience the sun dimming to 10 per cent its normal brightness, leaving only a bright "ring of fire" of sunlight as the moon eclipses the sun. Some 50 miles up and beyond, the air itself becomes electric. Scientists call this atmospheric layer the ionosphere because it is where the UV component of sunlight can pry electrons away from atoms to form a sea of high-flying ions and electrons. The sun's constant energy keeps these mutually attracted particles separated throughout the day. But as the sun dips below the horizon, many recombine into neutral atoms for the night, only to part ways again at sunrise. During a solar eclipse, the sunlight vanishes and reappears over a small part of the landscape almost at once. In a flash, ionospheric temperature and density drop, then rise again, sending waves rippling through the ionosphere. "If you think of the ionosphere as a pond with some gentle ripples on it, the eclipse is like a motorboat that suddenly rips through the water," said <keyword id="40286" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="barjatya" source="Orion">Barjatya</keyword>, a professor of engineering physics at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Florida. "It creates a wake immediately underneath and behind it, and then the water level momentarily goes up as it rushes back in." The APEP team plans to launch three rockets in succession -- one about 35 minutes before local peak eclipse, one during peak eclipse, and one 35 minutes after. They will fly just outside the path of annularity, where the moon passes directly in front of the sun. Each rocket will deploy four small scientific instruments that will measure changes in electric and magnetic fields, density, and temperature. If they are successful, these will be the first simultaneous measurements taken from multiple locations in the ionosphere during a solar eclipse. Barjatya chose sounding rockets to answer the team's science questions because they can pinpoint and measure specific regions of space with high fidelity. They can also measure changes that happen at different altitudes as the suborbital rocket ascends and falls back to Earth. The APEP rockets will take measurements between 70 to 325 kilometres) above the ground along their trajectory. In addition, a ground-based observation will collect ionospheric density and neutral wind measurements. A team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Haystack Observatory in Westford, will run their radar to measure ionospheric perturbations farther away from the eclipse path. Finally, a team of students from Embry-Riddle will deploy high-altitude balloons (reaching 100,000 feet) every 20 minutes to measure weather changes as the eclipse passes by. The APEP rockets launched in New Mexico will be recovered and then relaunched from NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, on April 8, 2024, when a total solar eclipse will cross the US from Texas to Maine.

Riding into the sun: Indian-origin NASA scientist to lead rocket mission into 2023 solar eclipse

The world is going to witness a rare astronomical event on Thursday - a <keyword id="1925950" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="hybrid-solar-eclipse" source="Orion">hybrid solar eclipse</keyword>. It takes place when a total eclipse and the annular solar eclipse occur at the same time. An eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, casting a shadow on the Earth's surface. Here's everything you need to know about today's hybrid solar eclipse. 1. What is a hybrid solar eclipse? A hybrid solar eclipse is a rare type of eclipse that occurs only a few times per century. As per NASA, hybrid eclipses shift from annular to total due to our planet's curve. 2. How it is different from a total eclipse? A total eclipse occurs when the moon completely obscures the sun, whereas an annular eclipse occurs when the moon obscures the sun but appears smaller, leaving the outline of a solar ring and the rare hybrid eclipse takes place when both occur at the same time. 3. Where will it be visible? According to NASA, on April 20, skywatchers in Australia and parts of southeast Asia will be able to view a hybrid solar eclipse as it passes over the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Unfortunately, the hybrid solar eclipse will not be visible in India. 4. Time to Watch the solar eclipse? In Western Australia the eclipse will be visible from 10:29 pm to 10:35 pm EDT on April 19 (2:29 to 2:35 GMT, April 20), in East Timor from 11:19 pm to 11:22 pm EDT on April 19 (3:19 to 3:22 GMT, April 20) and in Indonesia from 11:23 pm to 11:58 pm EDT on April 19 (3:23 to 3:58 GMT, April 20). 5. When will the next solar eclipse be visible? The next Eclipse (Partial) will be visible in India on August 2, 2027 (not visible in Odisha) and the next annular solar eclipse will occur in 2031. SEE ALSO: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/unpaid-subsidies-worth-1200-crore-leading-to-serious-liquidity-crisis-among-ev-makers-says-industry-body/articleshow/99589401.cms">Unpaid subsidies worth ₹1,200 crore leading to ‘serious liquidity crisis’ among EV makers, says industry body</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/careers/news/top-10-great-place-to-work-in-india-as-per-linkedin/slidelist/99606287.cms">Looking for a great place to work? Here are India’s most coveted companies</a> <a href="https://www.businessinsider.in/business/auto/news/tata-altroz-icng-with-twin-cylinder-cng-technology-launched-in-india/slidelist/99613726.cms">Tata Altroz iCNG with twin-cylinder technology and hi-tech features debuts in India</a>

Five frequently asked questions on hybrid solar eclipse, answered

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/october-solar-eclipse-annular-ring-of-fire-where-how-watch-2023-10">ring of fire</a>" solar eclipse will take place on Saturday, October 14.</li><li>It promises to be a lot more eye-catching than last year's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-where-when-see-solar-eclipse-united-states-nasa-map-2023-3">solar eclipse</a> on Mars.</li></ul>There are probably many interesting sights you could see <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-plan-colonize-mars-plan-unrealistic-scientists-explain-2023-10">from Mars</a>. The Earth and its moon would <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/89/earth-from-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">appear as</a> bright stars, for example. But a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-stunning-images-show-sun-obscured-in-rare-event-2021-6">solar eclipse</a>? Well, it's a little lackluster. Solar eclipses on Earth look the way they do because the size of the moon in the sky is nearly exactly the same size as the sun in the sky. So, when the two align, it's like two halves of an Oreo coming together, which makes for an especially amazing view. But Mars' moons are tiny <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/full-moon-names-meaning-origin-lunar-calendar-2023">compared to Earth's</a>.Neither of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mars-moon-phobos-is-dying-2015-11">Mars' two moons</a>, Phobos and Deimos, are nearly large enough to fully block the sun. Phobos looks about a third the size of Earth's moon, and Deimos is even tinier, appearing like a little speck compared to the sun.As a result, Mars has what's called annular eclipses or transits, where you can still see most of the sun as one of the moons moves past.Earth has its own annular eclipse due to start in southwestern Oregon at 9:13 a.m. PDT on Saturday, October 14. But as shown below, Earth's moon covers much more of the sun, just leaving the fringes visible which creates an effect that looks like a ring of fire, hence the nickname for this type of eclipse on Earth.<div type="image" title="A side-by-side image of Phobos transitting the sun and a solar eclipse of Earth's moon with a bright ring of fire around the dark shape" height="1080" width="1440" msid="104420859" hostid="261" sizebytes="20020"></div>The event on Earth promises to be breathtaking, especially for those in parts of the US where residents will see the moon overtake most of the sun. However, only watch with the proper <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-approved-eclipse-glasses-brands-2017-8">protective eyewear</a>.<h2>The transit of Mars' moon Phobos across the sun</h2>In 2022, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasas-perseverance-rover-experiment-reliably-making-oxygen-on-mars-2022-8">NASA's Perseverance rover</a> observed Phobos' transit. The image is far from breathtaking. Instead, it starts off looking a bit like an overhead projector where someone's finger is obscuring the image. Slowly, slowly the dark blob moves across the bright yellow ball. Eventually, the potato-shaped Phobos moves out of frame. The cosmic ballet continues. <div type="image" title="Solar eclipse on Mars." height="401" width="650" msid="104420861" hostid="261" sizebytes="3352"></div>So this may not be Perseverance's finest photo. That's OK. It still has plenty of <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-perseverance-rover-best-photos-100-days-on-mars-2021-6">spectacular images</a> in its portfolio. Its 23 cameras have picked up craters, sand dunes, dust devils, and much more on the red planet. And even if the transit itself wasn't as impressive as eclipses here on Earth, looking back at other images and video of <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planets/mars/what-does-a-solar-eclipse-look-like-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">similar events</a> taken from other NASA spacecraft does highlight the impressiveness of Perseverance's technology.For comparison, here's a shot of what Opportunity saw in 2004 and what the Curiosity rover saw during a 2019 eclipse:<div type="image" title="The sun in three images with Mars's moons in transit going past, looking like small dark blobs" height="750" width="1000" msid="104420863" hostid="261" sizebytes="4158"></div>Perseverance landed on Mars on February 18, 2021. It <a href="https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/electrical-power/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">should last</a> at least another decade, so it will have plenty of opportunities to capture stunning photos and videos, eclipses and all.

Mars's sad, potato-shaped moon eclipsing the sun shown in NASA video. Be glad you're on Earth for this weekend's solar eclipse.

<ul class="summary-list"><li>On Saturday a solar eclipse took place over the western US. </li><li>TikTokers shared the methods they used to capture the view and shared them online.</li></ul>Creators who used a variety of methods to catch a glimpse of the recent solar eclipse shared their results to TikTok.On Saturday, a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/october-solar-eclipse-annular-ring-of-fire-where-how-watch-2023-10?r=US&amp;IR=T">solar eclipse appeared over the western US</a>, and was projected to be visible to around 68 million people during the two-and-a-half-hour event, Insider previously reported.<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-retinopathy-eye-damage-sun-2017-8?r=US&amp;IR=T">Looking directly at the eclipse </a>without protective glasses can damage your eyes. According to <a href="https://eclipse2017.nasa.gov/safety">NASA</a>, "The only safe way to look directly at the uneclipsed or partially eclipsed sun is through special-purpose solar filters."Some TikTokers attempted to catch a glimpse of the eclipse using their own methods.On October 15, a TikToker who goes by <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@tanyafortenberry0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tanya Fortenberry</a>, who describes herself as an elementary science teacher in her bio, received 4.3 million views when she posted <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@tanyafortenberry0/video/7289872369852714286" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a video</a> with the on-screen caption "Solar eclipse 2023" which showed a piece of white paper on the floor and a colander in her hand. She held the kitchen utensil up which cast a shadow on the paper, and zoomed in to show the round holes had turned into crescent shapes on the paper, which appeared to indicate the outline of the eclipse above. Over 990 commenters responded to say how cool the effect was, but admitted they didn't really understand how it was created.According to NASA, this technique basically creates a <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/learn/project/how-to-make-a-pinhole-camera/%E2%80%8B" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pinhole camera effect</a>, where the holes act "like a tiny camera lens," as light from the sun goes into the hole, becomes focused, and projects the shape onto the surface on the other side.<a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@bernadettegriego" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bernadette Griego</a> posted <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@bernadettegriego/video/7289866262501461290" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a video</a> that showed groupings of orange, crescent shapes on the sidewalk, which seemed to be created by the sun which was partially visible behind a tree. In the caption of the video, which received 690,000 views, they wrote it took place "in the middle of the eclipse" and included the hashtag <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/tag/albuquerque" target="_blank" rel="noopener">#albuquerque</a> to indicate their location. This phenomenon was observed by various social media users, including the Boise National Weather Service, which <a href="https://twitter.com/NWSBoise/status/1713247347633983600" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tweeted</a> a video of similar shadows. The visual effect is down to the trees and bushes creating a pinhole effect much like the colander, scattering dozens of crescent-shaped projections across the ground, <a href="https://www.foxweather.com/earth-space/october" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fox Weather reported</a>.One TikToker who goes by @remakuini documented a DIY approach, which they wrote in a caption that their husband learned from his grandmother. The technique goes against NASA's instructions, which advise against using "homemade filters or ordinary sunglasses, even very dark ones" to look directly at the sun, but the <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@remakuini/video/7289866863146847531">video</a> went hugely viral, receiving over 1.9 million views.It showed a man scorching the top of a transparent pot lid with a candle flame to create a burn mark and appeared to use his cell phone camera to film the eclipse through the residue, where the crescent shape could be seen. This technique uses the newly formed layer of soot as a viewing filter, but it's not advisable if you're going to look through the glass directly. Dirk van Norren, a retired professor of ophthalmic physics at the University Medical Center Utrecht told <a href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/95/i33/Chemistry-explains-shouldnt-stare-solar-eclipse-without-protection.html">Chemical &amp; Engineering News</a> in 2017 that he did not recommend the method as the soot can be too easily and accidentally wiped away.A popular comment beneath the TikTok questioned the safety of this method, to which the original uploader responded that they just took a quick glimpse of it, and wrote it was better to use solar glasses. Various other <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@itsjanessaduh/video/7289860944451161387?q=solar%20eclipse%20glasses&amp;t=1697460622902" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TikTokers</a> appeared to use the correct lenses and posted videos as they filmed the perspective of the eclipse from them. <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@tmazinke_/video/7289861021332688171">One</a> received 3.2 million views and over 4,600 comments, many of which wrote they had totally missed the eclipse due to cloudy weather or because they lacked the right viewing equipment, and thanked the TikToker for sharing their view with them instead.A solar eclipse takes place when the moon briefly blocks the Earth's view of the sun. In the case of a total solar eclipse it completely covers it from view, but the recent showing was an annular solar eclipse, which means the moon was in the distant part of its orbit and appeared slightly smaller, and created a "ring of fire" effect instead where some of the sun was still visible.The US is scheduled to get its next total eclipse in April 2024, which won't be seen again in the contiguous US until 2044, with another annular eclipse expected in 2046, Insider previously reported.<a href="https://www.insider.com/culture">For more stories like this, check out coverage from Insider's Digital Culture team here.</a>

Videos show the techniques people used to capture glimpses of the solar eclipse, filming stunning footage of the phenomenon

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A rare hybrid <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-where-when-see-solar-eclipse-united-states-nasa-map-2023-3">solar eclipse</a> will occur over the South Pacific today and won't happen again until 2031.</li><li>NASA and Space.com are both hosting livestreams of the eclipse starting at 9:36pm EDT tonight.</li></ul>A rare hybrid solar eclipse will occur today over the South Pacific, covering some regions in <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-rare-total-solar-eclipse-over-antarctica-2021-12">blackout darkness</a> and showing others a "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-stunning-images-show-sun-obscured-in-rare-event-2021-6">ring of fire</a>" encircling a shadowy moon.But if you're not located in western Australia, East Timor, or Indonesia, don't worry — you can still witness this historical event thanks to a variety of online livestreams. NASA's broadcast will begin at 9:36pm EDT on YouTube. You can watch the livestream below. You can also catch several other livestreams at the following links:<ul><li>Space.com is hosting a live stream, which audiences can <a href="https://www.space.com/hybrid-solar-eclipse-april-2023-livestream">watch at this link</a>. </li><li>TimeAndDate.com will be hosting a livestream on their <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifILl7GeZpE&amp;ab_channel=timeanddate" target="_blank" rel="noopener">YouTube channel</a>.</li><li>The Gravity Discovery Centre &amp; Observatory in Australia will also host a livestream on their <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWEv1DWel3Y&amp;ab_channel=GravityDiscoveryCentre%26Observatory">YouTube channel</a>.</li></ul><h2>What is a hybrid solar eclipse?</h2><div type="image" title="Image of a diamond ring during a total solar eclipse." height="1414" width="2121" msid="99622256" hostid="261"></div>A hybrid <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-where-when-see-solar-eclipse-united-states-nasa-map-2023-3">solar eclipse</a> is a rare type of eclipse that changes depending on where you're watching it. There are <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/eclipses/about-eclipses/types" target="_blank" rel="noopener">four types of solar eclipses</a>: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-2017-phases-of-a-total-solar-eclipse-2017-8">total</a>, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-stunning-images-show-sun-obscured-in-rare-event-2021-6">partial</a>, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ring-of-fire-solar-eclipse-how-to-watch-2021-6">annular</a>, and hybrid.Hybrid eclipses <a href="https://www.weather.gov/fsd/suneclipse" target="_blank" rel="noopener">are the rarest</a> because the moon must cross in front of the sun at just the right distance for all parts of its shadow to hit Earth.There will only be seven hybrid eclipses in the 21st century, according to NASA's eclipse <a href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE2001-2100.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">catalogue</a>.During a hybrid eclipse, all three of the other eclipses occur at the same time. That's why hybrid eclipses are also called annular/total eclipses, according to <a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/hybrid-solar-eclipse.html">TimeAndDate.com</a>.In the single minute of totality, some observers will see a total solar eclipse — when the moon's full shadow, or "umbra," completely blocks the sun.<div type="image" title="total solar eclipse shows dark circle of moon's shadow with purple ring around it where the sun is hiding" height="515" width="687" msid="99622257" hostid="261"></div>Others will see an annular eclipse, where the edge of the sun remains visible and makes a ring around the moon. They're in the "antumbra," because the moon is at just the right distance for the Earth's curvature to bring some people close enough to the moon to see the sun peeking out around it.<div type="image" title="annular solar eclipse where dark circle of the moon's shadow covers the center of the sun with a ring of solar plasma peeking out around it" height="2249" width="3000" msid="99622258" hostid="261"></div>Outside the narrow path of totality, other observers will see a partial eclipse, where the moon covers just a segment of the sun's disc. They're on the sidelines of the moon's shadow, in the "penumbra."<div type="image" title="partial solar eclipse" height="1332" width="1776" msid="99622259" hostid="261"></div>Unfortunately, nobody can witness all three at once — at least, not in person. Online livestreams may show the full eclipse, with all three of its shadows, in all its glory.The last time a hybrid solar eclipse occured was 2013 over some regions in the northern Atlantic Ocean and Africa. The next hybrid eclipse won't occur until 2031, and after that observers must wait until 2049, according to NASA.Correction: April 19, 2023 — An earlier version of this story misstated the year of the next hybrid solar eclipse after 2031. The following hybrid eclipse will occur in 2049, not 2164.

How to watch today's hybrid solar eclipse &mdash; the rarest type of eclipse &mdash; even if you don't live near Australia where it's happening

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A rare "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ring-of-fire-eclipse-enthrals-skywatchers-in-middle-east-asia-2019-12">ring of fire</a>" <keyword id="6699518" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="solar-eclipse">solar eclipse</keyword> will take place on Sunday.</li><li>This type of <keyword id="1291363" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="annular-solar-eclipse">annular solar eclipse</keyword> occurs when the moon is at the farthest point in its orbit and moves between Earth and the sun.</li><li>Because the moon is not big enough to totally block the sun, the sun's outer rim remains visible.</li><li><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/annular-solar-eclipse.html">People in parts</a> of China, Central African Republic, Congo, Ethiopia, India, and Pakistan will be able to see the <keyword id="45623" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="eclipse">eclipse</keyword>.</li></ul>Some parts of the world will see the sun turn into a "ring of fire" on Sunday.The event, known as an annular solar eclipse, occurs when the moon is at the farthest point from Earth in its orbit and passes between our planet and the sun. The moon partially covers the sun, but its small size in the sky means the sun's outer rim remains visible, making it look like a bright ring.People in parts of China, Central African Republic, Congo, Ethiopia, India, and Pakistan will be able to <keyword id="6359835" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="watch">watch</keyword> the full annular solar eclipse. The event will begin for those in Central Africa — the first location to see the eclipse — on Sunday, June 21 at 4:47 a.m. local time. It will end for the last areas to see it — parts of China — at 8:32 a.m. local time. (That's at 12:47 a.m. and 4:32 a.m. ET if you watch remotely from the US.)A partial annular eclipse will also be visible in southern and eastern Europe and northern Australia.If you are able to catch the solar eclipse in person, make sure to wear proper eye protection, since staring directly at the sun causes eye damage.If, however, the eclipse won't be visible in the sky where you live, you can catch it online. <a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/live/eclipse-solar-2020-june-21">TimeandDate</a> is presenting a <keyword id="6534868" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="livestream">livestream</keyword> on Youtube that can watch below.<h2>The moon will cover about 99.4% of the sun</h2>The name annular eclipse comes from the Latin word "annulus," which means ring.A "ring of fire" eclipse happens once a year. Solar eclipses generally take place about two weeks before or after a lunar eclipse. One lunar eclipse occurred on June 5, and another will happen on July 5.During this annular eclipse, it will take the moon several minutes to pass in front of the sun, but the full eclipse will only last for about one second.<div type="image" title="A combination of photos depicts a partial annular solar eclipse observed with the use of a solar filter in Siak, Riau province, Indonesia, December 26, 2019. REUTERS/Willy Kurniawan" height="3965" width="5287" msid="76455051" hostid="261"></div>At the maximum point of the eclipse, the moon will cover about 99.4% of the sun, according to <keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword>.This week, the agency <a href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap200615.html">released a video of an annular eclipse</a> as seen from western Australia in May 2013 to show what viewers can expect.Next year's annular solar eclipse will come on June 10, 2021 and be visible in Canada, Northern Europe, Russia, and the Antartic.

A 'ring of fire' solar eclipse will take place on Sunday — here's how to see it

During the <keyword id="188" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="diwali" source="Orion">Diwali</keyword> festival on October 25, there will be a partial solar eclipse which will be visible from the city as well as from most parts of the country, astrophysicist Debi Prasad Duari said. The eastern metropolis, however, will be able to witness the partial solar eclipse, the second in 2022, for a very small duration, the celestial phenomenon will be better observed in the northern and western regions of the country, he said. The eclipse will not be observed from northeastern <keyword id="3658" type="General" weightage="100" keywordseo="india" source="Orion">India</keyword> as the celestial phenomenon will be occurring after sunset in those regions, Duari said. Apart from India, the October 25 partial cosmic affair will be visible from most parts of Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia, Duari elaborated. "The partial solar eclipse will begin in Iceland at around 14:29 hours IST and will be seen at its maximum from Russia at 16:30 hours (IST). It will end at around 18:32 hours (IST) over the Arabian Sea," he told PTI while sharing information on the celestial event. "The eastern part of the country will see the partial eclipse only marginally, that also during the sunset. The northern and western parts of the country are better locations to observe the partial eclipse with a better view and for a longer period of time." "During the new <keyword id="42440" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="moon" source="Orion">moon</keyword> (Amavasya) the <keyword id="24879" type="General" weightage="80" keywordseo="sun" source="Orion">Sun</keyword>, Moon and Earth almost come in a linear configuration, whereby from earth we can see the moon without any sunlight falling on it. But at times, as on October 25, the Sun, Moon and Earth will almost be on the same plane resulting in the moon appearing to cover the Sun partially for a period of time causing a partial Solar Eclipse," he explained. In and around the metropolis, the partial eclipse will begin at around 16:52 hours, the maximum occurring at 17:01 hours, and will cease to be seen at 17:03 hours at the sunset, Duari said. "Even at the maximum eclipse, only 4 per cent of the lighted disc of the setting Sun will be covered by the Moon," he said. In the north Bengal town of Siliguri, the celestial phenomenon will be occurring between 16:41 and 16:59 hours and during the maximum eclipse (at around 16:56 hours) about 8.91 per cent of the Sun will be covered by the Moon's disc, Duari stated. "In New Delhi, it will commence at around 16:29 hours and end with the sunset at 18:09 hours with the maximum eclipse to occur at 17:42 hours when the Sun will be obscured by the Moon by an amount of only 24.5 per cent," Duari said. Jaisalmer in Rajasthan will experience the eclipse from 16:26 hours to 18:09 hours with the maximum at around 17:30 hours. when the disc of the Sun will be obscured by 42.5 per cent. "In Mumbai, the eclipse will begin at 16:49 hours with the maximum occurring at around 17:42 hours. It will end at 18:09 hours when the Sun appears to go down the Arabian Sea at sunset. Here, the Sun's disc will be covered by about 24.5 per cent," he added. In southern and central India, the eclipse will be again observed just before sunset with Nagpur experiencing the eclipse from 16:49 to 17:42 hours. In Bengaluru, the eclipse will begin at 17:12 hours, reaching its maximum at 17:49 hours and ending at 17:55 hours during sunset. Chennai will have the eclipse from 17:14 to 17:44 hours, the astrophysicist said. The next major solar eclipse to be visible from India will be an annular eclipse on May 21, 2031, when the annularity can be observed from a narrow patch of land in south India, he said. Three years later, on March 20, 2034, the next total solar eclipse will be visible from India and the totality will be observed from the northernmost part of Kashmir. On both occasions, the whole country will observe a partial eclipse of varying magnitude depending upon its geographical location, Duari said. Another partial eclipse can be seen from the northern part of India on June 1, 2030. Referring to the harm caused to the eyes by Sun's rays during an eclipse, Duari cautioned the sky enthusiasts to take "extreme precaution" while observing it. "Even if the degree of the partial eclipse is not appreciable in most of the country, extreme precaution has to be taken by everybody who wants to observe this cosmic event. The Sun's rays can be very harmful to the eyes and can become critical," he said. SEE ALSO: <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/heavy-rain-warning-yellow-alert-in-karnataka-schools-shut-in-up/slidelist/94782407.cms">Heavy rain warning: Yellow alert in Karnataka — schools shut in UP</a> <a target="_blank" class="c-link c-message_attachment__title_link" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/sustainability/article/we-need-to-hasten-progress-towards-un-sustainable-development-goals-by-five-times-to-make-up-for-lost-ground-goalkeepers-report/articleshow/94782035.cms">We need to hasten progress towards UN Sustainable Development Goals by five times to make up for lost ground: Goalkeepers report</a>

Partial solar eclipse on October 25 will be visible from most parts of India

<keyword id="6699518" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="20" keywordseo="solar-eclipse">Solar eclipse</keyword> is a rare and highly interesting astronomical event that has triggered human imaginations for so long. Solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the earth and the sun hiding sun partially or fully for a brief period when seen from the earth. The solar eclipse that is coming up in this season will be an ‘Annular Solar Eclipse’ that will occur on December 26, 2019. This eclipse will be the third and the final solar eclipse for the year 2019. About Annular Solar Eclipse An annular Solar Eclipse will result when the apparent diameter of the moon is smaller than that of the sun. In this case, the moon will block most of the sun’s light and cause the sun to look like a ring (annulus) and hence the name annular solar eclipse. An annular solar eclipse will be a spectacular sight in the regions where it will be visible. Regions where annularity will be visible during December 26, 2019 solar eclipse The regions in which the annular solar eclipse will be visible will include Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam. People living in cities like Kozhikode, Coimbatore, Jaffna, Trincomalee, Sibolga, Batam, Singapore, Singkawang and Guam can see the annular solar eclipse clearly in its entirety. Cities like Doha, Madurai, Pekanbaru, Dumai, Johor Bahru and Kuching occur in the regions that will narrowly miss the annular solar eclipse. The best places in India to view the annular solar eclipse The December 26, 2019 solar eclipse will be annular and partial depending on the location from where you see the eclipse in India. In the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, annular solar eclipse will be visible. The longest duration of annularity will be 3 minutes. In Tamil Nadu, you can see the annularity for 3 minutes 11 seconds in Tiruppur and for 3 minutes and 15 seconds in Ammapattinam on the east coast. The annularity will last for 3 minutes in Ooty and since it is a hill station with an altitude of 2200 meters, this location will lead to the best view of the solar eclipse without being obstructed by the clouds. Timing of the solar eclipse December 26, 2019 The partial eclipse will begin a few minutes after 8 am (IST) and will last till 11:30 am (IST). The timing of the annularity will be 09:24 am to 09:27 am in the east coast and 09:31 am to 09:35 am in the west coast. The percentage of eclipse in different cities of India The maximum obstruction of the sun during the eclipse when seen from different cities of India will be 78.8% from Mumbai, 44.7% in Delhi, 89.4% in Bangalore, 74.3% in Hyderabad, 66.0% in Ahmedabad, 84.6% in Chennai and 45.1% in Kolkata. Some important cities in the annular path of the solar eclipse will be Kozhikode in Kerala, Mangalore in Karnataka and Tiruppur, Coimbatore and Trichy in Tamil Nadu.

Solar Eclipse: The best places in India to view the annular solar eclipse

<ul class="summary-list"><li>An annular <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-where-when-see-solar-eclipse-united-states-nasa-map-2023-3">solar eclipse</a> will cast a shadow on the sun and make a "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/ring-of-fire-solar-eclipse-how-to-watch-2021-6">ring of fire</a>" in the sky October 14.</li><li>In the western US, about 68 million people have a rare opportunity to see this <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/video-shows-triple-moon-eclipse-on-jupiter-2021-8">eclipse</a>.</li></ul>A <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-stunning-images-show-sun-obscured-in-rare-event-2021-6">solar eclipse</a> is coming to the western US this Saturday, October 14. It will begin in southwestern Oregon at 9:13 a.m. PDT and end in southern Texas at 12:03 p.m. CDT, according to NASA.Therefore, if you are one of the millions in its path, what time you can see the spectacular ring of fire will depend on where you're located.The entire event will take place over about 2.5 hours, as the moon crosses between the Earth and sun, eclipsing the sun as it goes. But only a brief window within that time frame will be when the ring of fire appears when the moon has nearly completely eclipsed the sun.Here's a quick snapshot of when the eclipse starts and when it reaches annularity (aka the ring of fire) for certain cities in each of the six states it will cross:<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 154px;" border="1"><tbody><tr style="height: 22px;"><td style="width: 50%; height: 22px;">City</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">Time eclipse starts</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">Time of annularity</td></tr><tr style="height: 22px;"><td style="width: 50%; height: 22px;">Eugene, Oregon</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">8:06 a.m. PDT</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">9:16 a.m. PDT</td></tr><tr style="height: 22px;"><td style="width: 50%; height: 22px;">Alturas, California</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">8:05 a.m. PDT</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">9:19 a.m. PDT</td></tr><tr style="height: 22px;"><td style="width: 50%; height: 22px;">Battle Mountain, Nevada</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">8:06 a.m. PDT</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">9:21 a.m. PDT</td></tr><tr style="height: 22px;"><td style="width: 50%; height: 22px;">Richfield, Utah</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">9:09 a.m. MDT</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">10:26 a.m. MDT</td></tr><tr style="height: 22px;"><td style="width: 50%; height: 22px;">Albuquerque, New Mexico</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">9:13 a.m. MDT</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">10:34 a.m. MDT</td></tr><tr style="height: 22px;"><td style="width: 50%; height: 22px;">San Antonio, Texas</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">10:23 a.m. CDT</td><td style="width: 25%; height: 22px;">11:52 a.m. CDT</td></tr></tbody></table>NASA also released the map below of where in the US it will occur. People located within the shaded band will be able to see the ring of fire.But, as the map shows, even if you're not located within the prime path of annularity, you'll still be able to see a partial solar eclipse. For example, people in central Colorado will see 80% of the sun eclipsed while those in northeastern New York will see 20%.<div type="image" title="Map of where 2023 annular solar eclipse will happen in the US." height="571" width="788" msid="104405855" hostid="261" sizebytes="94948"></div>To figure out exactly when the eclipse happens for you and how much of the sun will be eclipsed in your location, visit <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/eclipses/future-eclipses/eclipse-2023/where-when/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA's website</a>, which has an interactive calculator.It's worth stepping outside for a moment to glimpse this event since it may be your last opportunity to see <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-maximum-could-sooner-than-expected-2023-6">the sun</a> swallowed in shadow for two decades.If you'd like to try to see it no matter where you are in the continental US, try looking outside around 12:35 p.m. ET / 11:35 a.m. CT / 10:35 a.m. MT / 9:35 a.m. PT."It's going to be absolutely breathtaking for science," Madhulika Guhathakurta, an astrophysicist specializing in <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/pico-solar-flares-erupting-hole-in-sun-nasa-esa-images-2023-8">the sun at NASA</a>, said in a briefing about the upcoming celestial event.No doubt <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-rare-total-solar-eclipse-over-antarctica-2021-12">the eclipse will be breathtaking</a> for viewers on the ground, too. Here's everything you need to know before the sun goes dark.<h2>What an annular solar eclipse is, and what causes it</h2><div type="image" title="Sequence of the 2019 annular solar eclipse." height="1298" width="2308" msid="104086962" hostid="261"></div>A solar eclipse occurs when <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mind-boggling-nasa-photo-shows-moon-distance-from-earth-2022-10">the moon</a> passes between the sun and Earth, blocking the sun from our view for a few fleeting minutes. When everything lines up just right, with the moon at the right distance to cover the sun's entire disc, we get a total solar eclipse.The eclipse on October 14, however, will be an <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/watch-annular-ring-of-fire-solar-eclipse-video-2020-6">annular solar eclipse</a>. That's because the moon will be in the distant part of its orbit, appearing smaller in the sky and not fully covering the sun. It will leave a "ring of fire" protruding around its shadow, and the sky won't go completely dark.The ring of fire comes from <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/photo-international-space-station-hidden-passing-sun-2023-4">the sun's chromosphere</a>, a layer of its atmosphere where hydrogen atoms emit a reddish light."That's what makes it so beautiful," Guhathakurta said.<h2>Solar eclipses happen every year, but seeing them is rare</h2><div type="image" title="huddle of people look up toward the sun while holding pink eclipse glasses up to their eyes in front of a wall of sand colored bricks in desert landscape" height="1500" width="1999" msid="104086963" hostid="261"></div>Some kind of solar eclipse happens about two to five times per year, according to the Natural History Museum. A total eclipse occurs roughly every 18 months.They're often over the ocean or unpopulated places, though. It's rare to have an eclipse near you.Any one spot on Earth gets a total solar eclipse every 400 years, according to the museum.The US gets its next eclipse in April 2024. That eclipse will be total, and it will cut across the eastern US from Texas to Maine.After that, the contiguous US won't see another total solar eclipse until 2044, or an annular eclipse until 2046.<h2>Where to see the solar eclipse and stand in its 'umbra'</h2>The umbra, aka the moon's shadow, is the place to be. That's where you can see the annular eclipse and the ring of fire.The umbra will carve a narrow path across the western US, from the Oregon coast to Corpus Christi, Texas.About 68 million people live within a two-hour drive of the eclipse's path, according to Alex Lockwood of NASA's Science Mission Directorate. She added that the entire contiguous US will be able to see a partial solar eclipse, though the moon may just barely overlap the sun in many places.NASA created a detailed map, below, to show where exactly the umbra of the October eclipse will fall — that's the diagonal line on the western side of the country — as well as the 2024 total eclipse on the eastern side of the country.<div type="image" title="map of united states with two thick dark diagonal lines crossing it and meeting in texas representing two solar eclipses shadows" height="1700" width="3400" msid="104086965" hostid="261"></div>You can download a high-resolution version of the map with the exact timing of the eclipse in each city on <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/5073" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA's website</a>.<h2>How to view a solar eclipse without burning your eyes</h2>If you look at a solar eclipse with no protection, you could damage your eyes. That's because the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sun-hits-earth-with-2-powerful-x-class-solar-flares-2023-8">sun's ultraviolet radiation</a> can burn your retina, causing permanent damage within about 100 seconds, according to NASA. Since there are no pain receptors in your retina, you may not notice the damage until it's too late.<div type="image" title="donald trump looking up at the sun squinting beside melania and barron trump in front of white house" height="1497" width="1997" msid="104086967" hostid="261"></div>So don't look directly at the sun, even during the peak of an annular eclipse.Instead, get a pair of eclipse glasses or a handheld solar viewer online or from your local planetarium, which could be hosting an eclipse-watching event if it's in the path of the umbra.<div type="image" title="Two women in red shirts wearing square eclipse glasses look up in the sunlight." height="451" width="602" msid="104086968" hostid="261"></div>Make sure the solar filter in your glasses or handheld viewer has an ISO 12312-2:2015 certification. The manufacturer's name and address should be visible on the product, too.The National Park Service advises against using any solar filter that's torn, scratched, wrinkled, coming loose from its frame, or made before 2015.Do not look at the sun through a camera, telescope, or binoculars, even if you're wearing eclipse glasses or using a handheld solar filter. According to NPS, "the concentrated solar rays will damage the filter and enter your eye(s), causing serious injury."If you don't have a solar filter, you can use a technique called pin-hole projection to watch the eclipse unfold.You can do this with your hands, according to NPS: "Cross the outstretched, slightly open fingers of one hand over the outstretched, slightly open fingers of the other hand. With your back to the sun, look at your hands' shadow on the ground. The little spaces between your fingers will project a grid of small images on the ground, showing the sun as a crescent during the partial phases of the eclipse."Or you can follow <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/learn/project/how-to-make-a-pinhole-camera/%E2%80%8B" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA's guide</a> to make a projector out of card stock and aluminum foil. You can even use a kitchen colander to project a pinhole and watch the moon creep across the sun.

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