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<p class="p1"><span class="s1">Fake blood is an essential accessory if you're going for a gory halloween look with your costume this year. </span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">There's a lot of chemistry in the substance it sets out to mimic; we can explain the colour, smell, and different types of blood with the aid of chemistry (and some biology thrown in for good measure).</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Today's graphic takes a look at each in turn.</span><span id="more-5806"></span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1"><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.compoundchem.com/2015/10/29/blood/">Compound Interest</a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div></span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">The chemistry behind blood's colour is perhaps that we're all most familiar with. Most of us are aware that blood contains haemoglobin; this is the protein, found within red blood cells, that enables our blood to carry oxygen to our cells. </span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">It also helps carry some carbon dioxide back to the lungs, in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin, though the majority of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ions.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">The red colouration of blood is due to the sub-units of the haemoglobin protein. Each of the four sub-unit consists of a protein chain which is bound to a ham group. It is these ham groups, which contain bound iron atoms, that cause blood's dark red colour. </span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Their structure of alternating double and single bonds absorbs light of particular wavelengths, causing us to see it as red. Red isn't actually the only possible blood colour; <a href="http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/10/28/coloursofblood/"><span class="s2">some animals can have green, blue, or even purple blood</span></a>, due the the use of different oxygen-carrying proteins.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">A common misconception about our blood is that deoxygenated blood (that which flows back from our cells through out veins) is blue. </span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Veins do appear blue when we look at them through our skin, so it's perfectly understandable that a lot of people think that this is the case; also, pick up any biology textbook, and the likelihood is that in a diagram depicting blood vessels the veins will be denoted with a blue colouration.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Whereas oxygenated haemoglobin is a bright red, deoxygenated haemoglobin is a darker red colour - but not blue! The reason that blood appears blue when we look at our veins through our skin is due to the interaction of light with both our blood and the skin covering the blood vessels.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1"> <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-57135364/stock-photo-blood-test-tube-in-a-woman-s-hands.html?src=ukgJvifxJ8yZ38j8--dlag-1-0">EmiliaUngur/shutterstock</a></span></p></div><p></p></div></div>Red light can penetrate more deeply into our tissues than blue light, and since deoxygenated blood absorbs more red light than oxygenated blood, our veins tend to look blue as a result.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Haemoglobin can also help us explain the colour change we see in blood when it's removed from the body. If you've ever had a nose bleed, you'll have probably noticed that any blood you stem with a tissue turns a dark brown colour as it dries. </span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">This is due to the oxidation of the iron atoms in the haemoglobin subunits, from iron (II) to iron (III), producing methaemoglobin which is a dark brown colour.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">If you've ever, say, accidentally bitten your tongue, you'll have also noticed that blood has a somewhat metallic taste. This is in part due to the presence of the iron in haemoglobin; it can also react with fat molecules to produce a range of compounds that help to produce a metallic flavour.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">The compounds created include oct-1-en-3-one, which is described as having a mushroom-like, metallic odour. This is also the compound behind the metallic smell you can detect on your skin after touching metal objects - so in these cases it's not the metal you're smelling, but chemical breakdown products of molecules in your own skin.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Blood itself smells metallic all on its own. Researchers have determined that a particular compound in blood that contributes this faint metallic odour, <em>trans</em>-4,5-epoxy-(<em>E</em>)-2-decenal, is also an important compound detected by predators. </span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">A study last year identified the compound, then ran a number of tests with different predators where they soaked logs in the compound, as well as soaking other logs in actual blood, fruit-essence, and an almost odourless compound. They found that the predators were attracted to the log soaked in <em>trans</em>-4,5-epoxy-(<em>E</em>)-2-decenal as much as that soaked in actual blood.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Though all of our blood is coloured by haemoglobin, and blood from different people will produce the same metallic smell, there are still differences in blood from one person to the next. We commonly refer to these differences as blood types. There are actually lots of different blood types (35 are recognised by the International Society of Blood Transfusion) but there are essentially two classifications that we usually refer to.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">The first of these classifications is the ABO system. A person can have type A, type B, type AB or type O blood. This classification is determined by the presence of antigens, which are structures found on the surface of red blood cells. They are either sugars or proteins, and the types of antigens present in a person's blood determines their blood type.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Type A blood has A antigens on the red blood cells; type B blood has B antigens. Type AB blood has both A and B antigens, whereas type O blood has neither. Our own blood antigens are ignored by our own immune system; however, if, during a transfusion, we receive blood containing an antigen not found in our own blood, it can trigger an adverse immune reaction.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Our blood also contains antibodies; these are proteins in blood plasma that help to fight infection. In most transfusions, it is only the red blood cells that are transferred from the donor's blood to the recipient. If these red blood cells have antigens that match to an antibody in the recipient's blood, the antigens bind to the antibodies, and the adverse reaction is set into motion. This is why people with some blood types can only receive blood from certain other blood types.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">O group blood is known as the universal donor, because, since its red blood cells don't contain A or B antigens, it can be safely given to recipients with any blood type. Similarly, group AB blood is known as the universal acceptor, because it doesn't contain A or B antibodies, so no reaction will be triggered even if blood with A or B antigens is given.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">Blood type can also be termed as positive (e.g. A+) or negative (A-). This refers to the presence or absence of Rh antigens on the red blood cells, and is also something that must be considered during blood transfusions. Rh positive blood cannot be given to Rh negative recipients, as the recipient can develop Rh antibodies which can then attack the donated blood. People with Rh positive blood can receive blood from either Rh positive or Rh negative donors.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">This is all a little bit confusing to get your head around, so <a href="https://www.scotblood.co.uk/learn-about-blood/are-you-the-type-to-save-a-life.aspx"><span class="s2">here's a handy diagram</span></a> which shows which blood types can be given to patients with a particular blood type.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1">To conclude (and point out the obvious), of course the fake blood we'll all be using for Halloween chemically doesn't have a whole lot in common with actual blood. The red colouration usually comes from red food colouring, and some gloopiness is added via the addition of some form of sugar syrup. There are also numerous suggested recipes for making your own online which use cornflour to thicken it up and give it a more congealed look.</span></p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/richard-dawkins-religion-science-america-holding-back-god-innovation-education-2015-10">Richard Dawkins: Religion is holding America back</a></h3>        <div>            <div>        <div class="ooyala-video-player" data-video-autoplay="false" data-video-id="p3azVoeDp7FSRYoSCgp7ZJmK2HrwyLdM" data-player-variable="ooyalapopvideo" id="ooyalaplayer_popvideo" style="width:1280px;height:720px"></div>        </div>        </div>            </div>

The science of blood

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<div id="ooyalaplayer" style="width: 800px; height: 450px;"></div><div style="display:none;" id="kalturavideoplaceholder">kalturavideoplaceholder</div><div><div><div class="g-ytsubscribe" data-channelid="UC9uD-W5zQHQuAVT2GdcLCvg" data-layout="full" data-count="hidden"></div></div></div><p class="embed-spacer"></p><p>Dr. Mehmet Oz has come under fire for questionable recommendations on his daytime medical show. Business Insider <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> editor Erin Brodwin explains how "The Dr. Oz Show" fails its viewers. </p><p><em>Produced by Kevin Reilly</em></p><p><strong>Follow BI Video:</strong> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/BusinessInsider.Video">On Facebook</a></p><p>&#xa0;</p>

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<p>From dancing clouds to bouncing Jell-O, 2013 was filled with great <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> GIFs. Here are some of our favorites.</p>
<p><strong>Researchers created "ball lightning" in the lab.</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mysterious-ball-lightning-made-in-lab-2013-8">Read more »</a> </p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container"><div class="image"><p class="source"><span>C. Michael Lindsay</span></p></div><p></p></div></p>
<p><strong style="line-height: 1.5em;">Jell-O falls, flattens, then bounces back.</strong><span style="line-height: 1.5em;"> </span><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mesmerizing-jell-o-gif-shows-physics-in-action-2013-9">Read more »</a></p>
<p></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>A cube of magnetic putty swallowed a smaller cube of metal.</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/magnetic-putty-eating-a-piece-of-metal-2013-11">Read more »<br /></a><br /></p>
<p><strong>Liquid nitrogen instantly boils and turns into gas when spilled.</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/these-gifs-show-how-awesome-liquid-nitrogen-is-2013-10">Read more »</a></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Sunlight reflecting off ice crystals made these clouds "dance."</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/creepy-dancing-cloud-gifs-2013-7">Read more »</a></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>We learned how to turn water into ice in seconds.</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-make-instant-ice-gifs-2013-12">Read more »</a></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Scientists made an incredible water-proof surface.</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/super-waterproof-surface-inspired-by-nature-2013-11">Read more »</a></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>NASA released the first full map of the planet Mercury.</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-first-full-map-of-mercury-gif-2013-3">Read more »</a></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Comet ISON rounded the sun on Thanksgiving day.</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/comet-ison-has-rounded-the-sun-but-its-fate-remains-unknown-2013-11">Read more »</a></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>The Discovery Channel caught a pair of giraffes in a heated battle.</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/fighting-giraffes-gif-2013-1">Read more »</a></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Here's how keys work.</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/9-awesome-animated-gifs-that-show-how-cool-tech-works-2013-5">Read more »</a></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>A camouflaged octopus surprised a photographer.</strong> <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/octopus-camouflage-robert-hanlon-2013-9">Read more »</a></p>
<p></p>

The Best Science GIFs Of 2013

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<p><div class="image-container float_right" style="width:400px"><div class="image"></div><p class="source">AP Photo/NSW Rural <keyword id="28762" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="fire">Fire</keyword> Service, James Morris</p></div><keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">Science</keyword> started off with a bang this new year, and here are the best images from it.</p>
<p>From deep space to <keyword id="6354781" type="COUNTRY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Antarctica">Antarctica</keyword>, science has been all over the map.Under the images you will find links to the original stories, in case you missed them.</p>
<p>What were your favorite <keyword id="19401" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Pictures">pictures</keyword> this month? Did we miss any amazing pictures? Tell us in the comments.</p>

January's Science News In Pictures

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image"><p class="source"><span>Justin Sullivan/Getty Images</span></p></div><p></p></div></div>Everyone has their own hacks for relieving the symptoms of a hangover, but there's still no single hangover cure that's proven to work.</p>
<p>Sure, people have asked tons of questions about what causes morning hangovers and how we can alleviate that pounding head, I-want-to-puke feeling, but apparently we just don't have very good answers.</p>
<p>"The <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> behind hangovers is terrible," Adam Rogers, a Wired editor and author of a new book "<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Proof-Science-Booze-Adam-Rogers/dp/0547897960" target="_blank">Proof: The Science Behind Booze</a>, said in a "Top Line" <a href="http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/power-players-abc-news/intoxicating-science-new-book-uncorks-the-scientific-mysteries-of-booze-104129426.html?soc_src=mediacontentstory" target="_blank">television </a><a href="http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/power-players-abc-news/intoxicating-science-new-book-uncorks-the-scientific-mysteries-of-booze-104129426.html?soc_src=mediacontentstory" target="_blank">interview</a> with ABC's David Kerley and Yahoo's Oliver Knox. "Most of the stuff that you got told the first day before your first night at college about how to avoid a hangover is just wrong or at least not proven."</p>
<p>This includes the misconception that brown liquor is worse than clear liquor, Rogers said, as well as other things about how ethanol affects the brain.</p>
<p>An article from <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-actually-cure-a-hangover-2013-12" target="_blank">The Telegraph</a> written last year had a similar conclusion: "Plenty of research has been done on what a hangover is, what causes it and what you can do about it, and the answers are pretty inconclusive. Studies of hormone levels, levels of dehydration, blood glucose, toxins etc, all seem to point in different directions."</p>
<p>A hangover is "an inflammatory response," Rogers said, and that can prompt some flu-like symptoms. But in the case of a hangover, the primary culprit is alcohol, not a virus.</p>
<p>In the interview, Rogers also talks about the popular hair-of-the-dog approach, where one consumes alcohol to help after a night of drinking too much alcohol. You're probably already familiar with a class of drinks that he calls pick-me-ups, which were specially created at one point to cure a morning hangover. These elixirs include the bloody Mary, the mimosa, and something called a Corpse Reviver #2, a mix of gin, cointreau, lemon juice, and perond.</p>
<p>These drinks may be delicious and distracting, but Rogers doesn't recommend downing them purely as way to help your hangover.</p>
<p><a href="http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/power-players-abc-news/intoxicating-science-new-book-uncorks-the-scientific-mysteries-of-booze-104129426.html?soc_src=mediacontentstory" target="_blank">Head over here to watch the full interview »</a></p>

The Science Behind Hangovers Is Terrible

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The president ridiculed safety precautions, held a superspreader event, contracted <keyword id="8764262" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="covid">COVID</keyword>, was hospitalized, is now back at the White House, and the American public has no idea if he's even been tested, much less if he's still contagious.</li><li>Trump said COVID will "miraculously" disappear and rejected the reality of <keyword id="6361617" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="climate-change">climate change</keyword>, saying "It will start getting cooler, just you watch."</li><li>He thinks basic <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="60" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> doesn't apply to him and the results of his COVID tests are none of our business. That's a threat to Americans' lives.</li><li>This is an <keyword id="6356002" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="100" keywordseo="opinion">opinion</keyword> column. The thoughts expressed are those of the author.</li></ul><p><keyword id="3828720" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="President-Donald-Trump">President Donald Trump</keyword> has <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-white-house-covid-hotspot-unsafe-workplace-workers-rights-safety-2020-10">brazenly flouted</a> even the simplest of <keyword id="8763838" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="covid-19">COVID-19</keyword> safety precautions and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-demanded-a-reporter-remove-his-mask-2020-9">encouraged others to do the same</a>. <a href="https://khn.org/news/white-house-testing-regimen-did-not-protect-the-president/">On his watch</a>, the White House became the hotspot responsible for <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/us/politics/coronavirus-dc-white-house-congress.html">a surge in DC-area COVID cases</a>. </p><p>And even after it became clear that Amy Coney Barrett's Supreme Court nomination ceremony in the Rose Garden was <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/08/us/white-house-coronavirus-cdc.html?campaign_id=56&amp;emc=edit_cn_20201008&amp;instance_id=22965&amp;nl=on-politics-with-lisa-lerer&amp;regi_id=88484025&amp;segment_id=40363&amp;te=1&amp;user_id=f9e622fe9a0393374f692a89c3b1c6df22fe9a0393374f692a89c3b1c6df">a superspreader event</a>, the White House <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/05/health/contact-tracing-white-house.html">instituted no contact tracing</a> of the many guests who went back to their home states after being exposed. </p><p>Prior to testing positive for COVID two weeks ago, the administration sent contradictory messages about how often Trump gets tested. </p><p>Press Secretary <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/21/trump-tested-coronavirus-multiple-times-day-375957">Kayleigh McEnany said</a> in July that the president is tested "multiple times a day." </p><p>Trump, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/21/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-tests/index.html">later that same day</a>, said "I don't know about more than one … I do probably on average a test every two days, three days, and I don't know of any time I've taken two in one day, but I could see that happening."</p><p>You'd have to go <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/white-house-wont-say-when-trump-was-last-tested-2020-10?r=US&amp;IR=TIR=T">all the way back to May 21</a> to find an instance of Trump or anyone in his administration confirming the president tested negative. Even after Trump returned to the Oval Office this week, The White House still won't say if he's being tested at all. </p><p>Just <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-interview-not-tested-negative-for-covid-claiming-recovery-2020-10">last night on Fox News</a>, Trump sycophant Sean Hannity asked the president if he's been tested since he left the hospital, and Trump dodged the question. </p><p>"Yeah, I just saw the doctors today. They got me in great shape. I'm in great shape."</p><p>Trump never confirmed nor denied being recently tested for COVID, but he did say, "Well what we're doing is probably the test will be tomorrow … The actual test, because there's no reason to test all the time."</p><p>To reiterate, the President of the United States ridiculed safety precautions, held a ceremony that turned into a superspreader event, contracted COVID, was hospitalized, is now back at the White House, and the American public has no idea if he's even been tested, much less if he's still contagious. </p><p>Now Trump's personal doctor has <a href="https://twitter.com/PressSec/status/1314340347334537217">released a note</a> clearing him to hold rallies, which by all indications are shaping up to be crowded, loud events <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/10/08/covid-safety-trump-rallies-428139?nname=playbook&amp;nid=0000014f-1646-d88f-a1cf-5f46b7bd0000&amp;nrid=00000162-9173-dd10-ad6a-b7f77f170000&amp;nlid=630318;nlid=630318">filled with people not wearing masks</a>. </p><h2>Trump is such a stable genius he thinks he's immune to science</h2><p>The president does not believe in science. Full stop. </p><p>He's a climate change denier of the variety that a lot of conservatives want you to think no longer exists. It's not just that he's a "<a href="http://www.rationaloptimist.com/blog/my-life-as-a-climate-lukewarmer.aspx">lukewarmist</a>" who <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/opinion/sunday/neither-hot-nor-cold-on-climate.html">disagrees with the suggested remedies</a> to adapt to climate change, he disbelieves the diagnosis. </p><p>So he's rolled back <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00937-w">environmental protections</a> and <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05706-9">sidelined</a> the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). And just as he did when predicting that COVID would "<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/27-times-trump-said-the-coronavirus-would-go-away/2020/04/30/d2593312-9593-4ec2-aff7-72c1438fca0e_video.html">miraculously</a>" disappear, when touring the West Coast's wildfire devastation last month he once again espoused his faith in magic over science.</p><p>Responding to California's Natural Resources Agency Secretary Wade Crowfoot's plea to the president to "recognize the changing climate and what it means to our forests," Trump said, "It will start getting cooler, just you watch."</p><p><a href="https://www.snopes.com/ap/2020/09/14/trump-spurns-science-on-climate-i-dont-think-science-knows/">The president added</a>, "I don't think science knows, actually."</p><p>So sure is Trump of his superhuman abilities to think <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OHwxvKVT8U">bigger, better, and stronger</a> about things than the experts, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-watching-solar-eclipse-20017-photos-2017-8">he looked directly into a solar eclipse</a>, despite one of his aides' best efforts to remind him to put on sunglasses.</p><p>When Trump <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sharpiegate-memes-mock-hurricane-dorian-map-altered-with-sharpie-2019-9">tried to play meteorologist</a> in 2019, <a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1168174613827899393?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1168174613827899393%7Ctwgr%5Eshare_3&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F09%2F06%2Fgovernment-scientists-come-trumps-aid-his-battle-against-reality%2Fy%2F">tweeting</a> that Alabama was about to be slammed by Hurricane Dorian, the National Weather Service's Birmingham office <a href="https://twitter.com/NWSBirmingham/status/1168179647667814400?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1168179647667814400%7Ctwgr%5Eshare_3&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F09%2F06%2Fgovernment-scientists-come-trumps-aid-his-battle-against-reality%2Fy%2F">tweeted</a>: " Alabama will NOT see any impacts from #Dorian. We repeat, no impacts from Hurricane #Dorian will be felt across Alabama."</p><p>But Trump's the president, and among the toys available to the senior <a href="https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Manbaby">man-baby</a> is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Washington Post's Philip Bump <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/06/government-scientists-come-trumps-aid-his-battle-against-reality/">described at the time</a>: </p><p>"An ostensibly scientific organization — one that prides itself on providing accurate, validated information to the public — releas[ed] a statement obviously meant to bolster Trump's defense of his tweet."</p><p>Trump sets the tone for the White House, and he's made it very clear that he thinks the rules don't apply to him, even the rules of epidemiology. </p><p>His White House's secrecy about the status of his COVID illness is a slap in the face to an ailing country that has suffered terribly, and it's an insult to the millions of Americans trying to keep the virus from further ravaging their communities.</p><ul class="read-more-links"><li>Read more:</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-white-house-covid-hotspot-unsafe-workplace-workers-rights-safety-2020-10">The Trump administration is almost certainly going to get off the hook despite making the White House a COVID hotspot and an unsafe workplace</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/trumps-lying-finally-caught-up-him-covid-coronavirus-2020-10">Trump's constant lying has finally caught up with him</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/parenting-school-aged-kids-covid-helpless-failed-leaders-2020-10">Being a parent of school-aged kids during COVID is to be helpless in the face of failed 'leaders'</a></li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/andrew-cuomo-memory-hole-covid-nursing-home-coronavirus-new-york-2020-10">Andrew Cuomo is shamelessly trying to memory-hole his coronavirus nursing home fiasco</a></li></ul>

Trump doesn't respect science, or the American people

The Science Of  Going Viral

The Science of Weight Loss

The mere mention of the word “Tsunami” is enough to remind us of the devastation that happened in the year 2004. Most of us, even till date, remember the horrific images that we saw on the tele-screens. As per the data from the <keyword id="69522" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="ministry-of-home-affairs">Ministry of Home Affairs</keyword>, 11,000 people lost their lives in this catastrophe and over 5,000 were reported as <keyword id="6357415" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="40" keywordseo="missing">missing</keyword> or feared dead. More astoundingly, 380,000 Indians were displaced as a result of this disaster and the <keyword id="6354424" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="40" keywordseo="World-Bank">World Bank</keyword> had estimated that the reconstruction cost will be more than 1.2 billion dollars.<br />
<br /> It has almost been 10 years since the incident took place but most of us still do not know the science behind tsunami. Another important question that we need to ask is about the efforts that the <keyword id="9662" type="POSITION" weightage="40" keywordseo="Scientist">scientist</keyword> and the governments are taking to make sure that we are well-protected against this force of the nature.<br />
<br />
Here is a video by TED-Ed talk by Alex Gendler, with animation by Augenblick Studios, which would help us in understanding this phenomenon a little better.<br />
<br />
Happy Watching! [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wx9vPv-T51I">Ted-Ex</a>]<br />
<br />

The Science Behind Tsunami

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>AP Photo/Amy Sancetta</span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p><ul><li><strong>Being single has a handful of benefits, according to scientific research. </strong></li><li><strong>Studies suggest that single people tend to have stronger social networks and develop more as individuals. </strong></li><li><strong>They even tend to be more physically fit.</strong></li></ul><p><br />Give Tinder a break and take yourself on a date tonight.</p><p>Being single has a handful of benefits, according to scientific research. Alone time is one of them.</p><p>Not only are single people more likely to embrace solitude, they are also more likely to benefit from it, recent studies have suggested. </p><p>Bella DePaulo, a psychologist at the University of California Santa Barbara and an advocate of the single life, travels the nation to present these findings, which she said are too often dismissed by the larger psychology community. In a TEDx Talk she gave last spring, she <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyZysfafOAs">called living single her "happily ever after."</a></p><p>Studies suggest she's onto something.</p><h2>Single people tend to have stronger social networks</h2><p>In 2015, social scientists Natalia Sarkisian and Naomi Gerstel set out to explore how ties to relatives, neighbors, and friends varied between single and married American adults. They found that <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0265407515597564">singles were not only more likely to frequently reach out to their social networks</a>, but also tended to provide and receive help from these people more than their married peers. Their results held steady even when they took into account factors like race, gender, and income levels.</p><p>Put simply, "being single increases the social connections of both women and men," Sarkisian and Gerstel <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0265407515597564">wrote in their paper</a>.</p><p>Fostering friendship is key to aging well and boosting happiness, as several recent studies have suggested. One of them, <a href="http://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a2338">published in 2008 in the British Medical Journal</a>, found that people who had regular contact with 10 or more others were significantly happier than those who did not; the same study also found that people with fewer friends were less happy overall.</p><p>Friends who are not your family may be especially important.</p><p>For a <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pere.12187/abstract">pair of studies involving nearly 280,000 people</a>, assistant professor of psychology William Chopik found that friendships become increasingly important as we age. In older people, friendships were a stronger predictor of both health and happiness than relationships with family members were.</p><p>"Keeping a few really good friends around can make a world of difference for our health and well-being," Chopik <a href="http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2017/are-friends-better-for-us-than-family/">said in a statement</a>. "So it's smart to invest in the friendships that make you happiest."</p><h2>Singles also tend to be more fit</h2><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Shutterstock</span></p></div><p></p></div></div>There may be some truth to the idea that people who "settle down" ease into unhealthier habits, at least when it comes to some measures of physical fitness.</p><p>After surveying more than 13,000 men and women between ages 18 and 64, researchers found that those who were single and had never been married <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00029.x/epdf?referrer_access_token=Cbe_LocZn2hF38oKj5M4X4ta6bR2k8jH0KrdpFOxC65Yq-LyiyJJWADePZ51dIkGvy0cUc-lxDjjnoV92SrlbEjkEu9rMScxFN427_KjYw-OoiM1YZhy-JG6wltvA6FLqASETgOG9MDCfEa2fMJTAk-h-aBxnqHUZJX0PA1LR2oMuCNYRYNH3lNF9o-eqZ9-vE3lsWSkDrf_Mfpkc4H5dcUhXHshi4-otLR9l1J0u8mHUd0JIfdzdiDtu2XukuNy">worked out more frequently each week</a> compared with their married or divorced peers.</p><p>A <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615003330">2015 study</a> in the journal Social <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">Science</keyword> and Medicine compared the body mass indexes of about 4,500 people across nine European countries, and found that single men and women had slightly <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953615003330">lower BMIs, on average, than men and women who were married</a>. Overall, the married couples also weighed about five more pounds, on average, than the singles.</p><h2>Single people may develop more individually and benefit more from alone time</h2><p>Several studies have <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15272992">linked solitude</a> to benefits that range from an increased sense of freedom to higher levels of creativity and intimacy. According to psychotherapist Amy Morin, alone time can help people be more productive as well.</p><p>"Time alone doesn't have to be lonely," Morin <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/how-mentally-strong-people-use-solitude-2015-7?r=UK&amp;IR=T">previously told Business Insider</a>. "It could be the key to getting to know yourself better."</p><p>In a <a href="https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/single-people.pdf">2016 presentation at the American Psychological Association</a>, DePaulo presented evidence that single people tended to have stronger feelings of self-determination and were more likely to experience psychological growth and development than their married counterparts. Still, DePaulo acknowledged that research on the psychological benefits of being single is lacking. After combing through 814 studies on singles, she discovered that most of them only used singles as a comparison group to learn about married people; not about singledom.</p><p>Another analysis of data from the 1998 National Survey of Families and Households suggested that the <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/019251398019006001">single people in the sample were more likely to experience personal growth</a> than the married people, as measured by how they perceived the processes of learning and growth and the idea of new experiences.</p><p>In other words, while romantic relationships certainly have benefits, being single does too.</p><p>"The beliefs that single people are miserable, lonely ... and want nothing more than to become un-single are just myths," DePaulo said.</p>     <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/what-should-ask-yourself-before-marriage-2017-10">A relationship psychologist reveals what you should ask yourself before getting married</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div>

It's better to be single, according to science

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Ognen Teofilovski/Reuters</span></p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>This was a great year of reading for <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> nerds.</p><p>The book options included a novella about an out-of-this-world college student, a tale about life in the sunken New York City of the future, and astronaut Scott Kelly's memoir about his year in space. There was a little something for everyone who loves the Earth, the stars, or those who inhabit them.</p><p>Our favorite science-y reads from 2017 won't all be found in the science section at your local bookstore. While some non-fiction texts from respected names in the field stood out, other top picks include science-fiction stories and notable novels with themes that science-minded readers might enjoy. </p><p>Here's our list. </p>

The very best science books of 2017

<p> </p>
<div style="display:none;" id="kalturavideoplaceholder">kalturavideoplaceholder</div>
<p> </p>
<p>There are thousands of <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-best-diet-for-you-2014-1">diet plans</a> out there with lots of different approaches to achieving the same goal: trim the fat.</p>
<p>With hundreds of thousands of people dying from obesity every year, the secrets behind weight loss are being probed at every corner. But are there universal truths about weight loss that we can all learn?</p>
<p>The answer is yes. There is an undeniable <keyword id="41551" type="ENTERTAINMENT" weightage="100" keywordseo="science">science</keyword> behind the process of losing weight, and it all boils down to a simple equation.</p>

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