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Mumbai, Of the 111 lunar missions in the last seven decades, 62 were successful, 41 failed and eight achieved partial success, according to the US space agency <keyword id="18017957" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="NASAs-database-on-Moon" source="Orion">NASA's database on Moon</keyword> missions. India on Friday launched its third mission to the Moon, <keyword id="8011274" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Chandrayaan-3" source="Orion">Chandrayaan-3</keyword>, with an aim to soft land on the surface of Earth's only natural satellite. A successful landing would make India the fourth country to achieve the rare feat after the United States, China and the erstwhile USSR. <br /><br />According to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the technically challenging soft landing on the lunar surface, which Chandrayaan-2 could not achieve, has been planned for 5.47 pm on August 23. <br /><br />Former <keyword id="648399" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="ISRO-chairman-G-Madhavan-Nair" source="Orion">ISRO chairman G Madhavan Nair</keyword> said the success rate of lunar missions is nearly 50 per cent because of the uncertainties when the rockets leave Earth's gravitational field. <br /><br />"The influence of other planets, from the Sun, is quite a bit. A lot of radiation conditions exist in space and this leaves some equipment or components prone to failure. In India's both missions (Chandrayaan 1 and 2), we have precisely reached the moon's orbit," Nair told PTI on Friday. <br /><br />From 1958 to 2023, India as well as the US, the USSR (now Russia), Japan, the European Union, China and Israel have launched different lunar missions - from orbiters, landers and flyby (orbiting the Moon, landing on the Moon and flying by the Moon), as per the data. <br /><br />The first mission to the Moon - Pioneer 0 - was launched by the US on August 17, 1958, though it was unsuccessful. Six more missions were launched by the USSR and the US in the same year, but all failed. <br /><br />Luna 1, launched by the USSR on January 2, 1959, achieved partial success. It was also the first 'Moon flyby' mission. <br /><br />The Ranger 7 mission launched in July 1964 by the US was the first to take close-up pictures of the Moon. <br /><br />The first lunar soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface came from Luna 9, launched by the USSR in January 1966. Five months later, in May 1966, the US successfully launched a similar mission named Surveyor-1. <br /><br />The Apollo 11 mission in July 1969 was the landmark expedition through which humans stepped onto the lunar surface for the first time. The three-crewed mission was headed by Neil Amstrong. <br /><br />From 1958 to 1979, only the US and the USSR launched Moon missions. In these 21 years, the two countries launched 90 such space expeditions. <br /><br />There was a lull in the decade that followed with no lunar missions from 1980-89. <br /><br />Japan, the European Union, China, India and Israel were late entrants. <br /><br />Japan launched Hiten, an orbiter mission in January 1990. This was also Japan's first Moon mission. After that, in September 2007, Japan launched Selene, another orbiter mission. <br /><br />There were six lunar missions from 2000-2009 - Europe (Smart-1), Japan (Selene), China (Chang'e 1), India (Chandrayaan-1) and the US (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and LCCROSS). <br /><br />Since 1990, the US, Japan, India, the European Union, China and Israel have collectively launched 21 lunar missions.

Success rate of lunar missions is a little over 50% as per NASA database

<ul class="summary-list"><li>Bezos sent an open letter to <keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="Nasa">NASA</keyword> offering to cover $2 billion for the Human Landing System program.</li><li><keyword id="199288" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="Blue-Origin">Blue Origin</keyword>'s offer would help it compete with <keyword id="6360701" type="DEFINITION" weightage="60" keywordseo="spacex">SpaceX</keyword> for a $2.9 billion NASA contract.</li><li>In the letter, Bezos criticizes NASA's original decision to select SpaceX as the sole winner.</li></ul><p><keyword id="191583" type="PERSON" weightage="60" keywordseo="Jeff-Bezos">Jeff Bezos</keyword>' space company is offering to cover billions of dollars in costs for a contract with NASA to take astronauts to the moon.</p><p>Blue Origin said it would cover up to $2 billion for the first two years of production of a moon lander, waiving payments for the first two years if NASA awards the company the project. The company is also offering to develop and launch a pathfinder mission at its own expense, as well as work with NASA on a fixed-price contract, which would free the space agency from any cost overages.</p><p>The offer could make a contract with Blue Origin a cheaper option than one with <keyword id="6355315" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="elon-musk">Elon Musk</keyword>'s company. SpaceX was <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-nasa-contract-industry-reaction-blue-origin-space-moon-2021-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">originally handed the NASA contract</a> for the Human Landing System program in April. NASA was forced to suspend the contract in May after <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-elon-musk-spacex-nasa-contract-flawed-2021-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bezos' company filed a protest against the $2.9 billion contract, calling it "unfair."</a> The contract will remain suspended until rulings have been made on the protests.</p><p>In an <a href="https://blueorigin.com/news-archive/open-letter-to-administrator-nelson">open letter to NASA Administrator Bill Nelson on Monday</a>, Bezos highlighted his commitment to keeping the Human Landing System program competitive by having NASA select two companies to build machinery to take astronauts to the moon instead of just one. Before selecting a single winner of the contest, NASA had given 10-month contracts to SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Dynetics to begin work on lunar landers so the agency could pick from a variety of options.</p><p><em><strong>Read more: </strong><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/salary-database-google-goldman-amazon-how-much-top-jobs-pay-2021-7?inline-read-more">Compare more than 250,000 salaries from top companies like Amazon, Google and JPMorgan with Insider's Salary Database</a></em></p><p> "Instead of this single source approach, NASA should embrace its original strategy of competition," Bezos wrote. Later he added, "Without competition, a short time into the contract, NASA will find itself with limited options as it attempts to negotiate missed deadlines, design changes, and cost overruns."</p><p>In June, the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-elon-musk-spacex-nasa-moon-landing-2021-6">Senate passed a tech and science bill</a> that included an amendment that would allocate an extra $10 billion to the moon-lander program and require NASA to pick a second company in addition to SpaceX.</p><p>At the time, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-elon-musk-spacex-nasa-moon-landing-2021-6">Musk's company pushed back</a> against the amendment, saying the bill would give Bezos "a $10 billion sole-source hand-out."</p><p>Bezos' open letter took aim at NASA's relationship with SpaceX.</p><p>"In April (prior to your confirmation as NASA administrator), only one HLS bidder, SpaceX, was offered the opportunity to revise their price and funding profile, leading to their selection," Bezos wrote. "Blue Origin was not offered the same opportunity. That was a mistake, it was unusual, and it was a missed opportunity. But it is not too late to remedy. We stand ready to help NASA moderate its technical risks and solve its budgetary constraints and put the Artemis Program back on a more competitive, credible, and sustainable path."</p><p>A NASA spokesperson told Insider the agency is aware of Bezos' letter, but declines to comment to "maintain the integrity" of the reviewal process. A spokesperson from SpaceX did not respond to Insider's request for comment.</p><p>Blue Origin and SpaceX's fight over the $10 billion cash injection is the latest development in a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-elon-musk-spacex-nasa-contract-flawed-2021-4">long rivalry between the companies and their CEOs</a>, two of the richest people on the planet.</p><p><em>Do you work at a space company like Blue Origin or SpaceX? Reach out to the reporter at <a href="mailto:gkay@insider.com">gkay@insider.com</a> from a nonwork email.</em></p>

Jeff Bezos is offering to cover billions in costs if NASA remedies its 'mistake' and gives Blue Origin the chance to compete with SpaceX again for a moon-lander contract

<ul class="summary-list"><li>A <keyword id="6360409" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="nasa" source="Orion">NASA</keyword> advisor <keyword id="12054965" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="quit" source="Orion">quit</keyword> after the agency decided to keep a <keyword id="11895441" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="space" source="Orion">space</keyword> telescope named after James Webb.</li><li>Webb was undersecretary of state in the 1950s when gay and lesbian federal employees were dismissed.</li></ul><p>A NASA advisor quit following the agency's decision to keep naming a $10 billion space telescope after a former administrator who was the US undersecretary of state during the dismissal of gay and lesbian federal employees in the 1940s and 1950s.</p><p>Lucianne Walkowicz, who identifies as nonbinary, wrote an <a href="https://www.patreon.com/posts/why-im-resigning-57248140">open letter</a> to NASA's Astrophysics Advisory Committee on Tuesday, saying that they were resigning as an advisor over the way the agency had handled a request to rename the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-james-webb-space-telescope-jwst-launch-date-october-2021-2020-7">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.</p><p>More than 1,200 people, including Walkowicz, have signed an <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PS_rtSOzaH40q1r_jQkhJhXmW97DOw-S6dqGA0jDKzM/edit">open petition</a> calling for the James Webb Space Telescope to be renamed. The petition cited the persecution of gay and lesbian government workers while Webb was the US undersecretary of state from 1949 to 1952. This was during the period referred to as the "<a href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2016/summer/lavender.html">Lavender Scare</a>," when thousands of federal employees were dismissed or forced to resign because of their sexuality.  </p><p>The open petition also mentioned the former NASA employee Clifford L. Norton, who was fired in the 1960s after NASA said he made a "homosexual advance" amounting to "immoral, indecent, and disgraceful conduct," said a record of the case on <a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/417/1161/190082/">Justia</a>, a website that keeps online databases of legal cases. The incident that led to Norton's dismissal happened while Webb was NASA administrator.</p><p>NASA's decision to keep the space telescope named after Webb "sends a clear message of NASA's position on the rights of queer astronomers," Walkowicz said in the open letter. "It also speaks clearly to me that NASA does not deserve my time," they said.</p><p>NASA didn't immediately respond to Insider's request for comment. The agency told <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/09/30/1041707730/shadowed-by-controversy-nasa-wont-rename-new-space-telescope?t=1634215248349">NPR</a> on September 30, before Walkowicz resigned, that it had investigated the matter and had found no evidence that would warrant changing the telescope's name.</p><p>Walkowicz did not respond to Insider's request for comment.</p><p>Webb <a href="https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/whoIsJamesWebb.html">ran NASA</a> from 1961 to 1968, a period that included the Apollo moon program. He retired shortly before the first moon landing in 1969 and died in 1992. NASA said on its <a href="https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/whoIsJamesWebb.html">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> webpage that many people believed that Webb "did more for <keyword id="11896083" type="UNKNOWN" weightage="60" keywordseo="science" source="Orion">science</keyword> than perhaps any other government official and that it is only fitting that the Next Generation Space Telescope would be named after him."</p><p>On the same day that NASA told media outlets such as <a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/09/30/1041707730/shadowed-by-controversy-nasa-wont-rename-new-space-telescope">NPR</a> about its decision to not rename the telescope, Walkowicz was hit by a car, they said. In the letter, they said they were on leave to recover from their injuries. </p><p>The space telescope, projected to cost almost $10 billion, is expected to scan the universe for life-hosting planets and attempt to look back in time to photograph the big bang, Insider's Morgan McFall-Johnsen previously <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-james-webb-space-telescope-jwst-launch-date-october-2021-2020-7">reported</a>. The telescope completed testing in August and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-webb-space-telescope-arrives-in-french-guiana-after-sea-voyage">arrived at its launch location</a> in French Guiana on Tuesday. It's scheduled to launch on December 18.</p>

NASA advisor quits after the agency keeps a $10 billion telescope named after James Webb, who was a senior State Department official during the persecution of gay and lesbian government employees

<br /><ul><li>The Economic Survey 2018-19 is making a case to use Aadhaar as a ‘master database’ for every citizen.<br /></li><li>The Economic Survey 2018-19 also highlights how technology has helped plug leaks and corruption in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).<br /></li><li>NASA successfully tests the launch abort system for its upcoming manned Moon mission, Artemis.<br /></li><li><keyword id="127964" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Dinesh-Agarwal">Dinesh Agarwal</keyword>, the CEO and founder of Indiamart, is celebrating the 25% jump in the company’s valuation since its gone public.<br /></li><li><keyword id="3820" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="Mukesh-Ambani">Mukesh Ambani</keyword>’s <keyword id="6354504" type="DEFINITION" weightage="20" keywordseo="reliance-jio">Reliance Jio</keyword> is collaborating with Facebook to launch a ‘digital literacy’ campaign in India claiming to be largest campaign of its kind in the country. <br /></li></ul>This is Tech Insider’s daily dose of <keyword id="35609" type="PERSON" weightage="20" keywordseo="tech-news">tech news</keyword> — everything that’s happening in tech that you need to know about today from Business Insider and its partner publications:<br />

Today’s top tech news: Aadhar could be a ‘master database’ of Indian citizens, NASA has a fail safe in place in case Artemis goes wrong and Indiamart’s CEO is celebrating the company's 25% jump in value

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="https://www.redbubble.com/people/KimiTalvitie/shop">© Kimi Talvitie; NASA; Mark Brake/Getty Images; Samantha Lee/Business Insider</a></span></p><p class="caption">Elon Musk and SpaceX are developing a steel Mars rocket system called Starship.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><ul class="summary-list"><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/spacex">SpaceX</a> is developing a towering two-stage rocket system called <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/starship">Starship</a> that's being designed to land people and cargo on Mars.</li><li>The company is already scouting for locations with buried frozen water (and few landing hazards) for mid-2020s <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/mars">Mars</a> missions.</li><li>SpaceX apparently collaborated with a <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/nasa">NASA</a> scientist to request photos of possible landing sites. Writer Robert Zimmerman first <a href="https://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/essays-and-commentaries/spacex-begins-hunt-for-starship-landing-sites-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">posted</a> about the images from the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>.</li><li>SpaceX previously requested such images in support of Red Dragon, another <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/mars-landing">Mars landing</a> program the company scrapped once it decided to pursue Starship (then called "Big Falcon Rocket").</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/elon-musk">Elon Musk</a>, the founder and CEO of SpaceX, plans to show off Starship's latest design update and mission plans on September 28 in Texas.</li><li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/?hprecirc-bullet">Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories</a>.</li></ul><p>SpaceX is scouting for prime real estate to <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mars-colonization-human-survival-radiation-food-biosphere-2018-4">populate Mars</a>, according to a database of NASA spacecraft photography.</p><p>The entries suggest the rocket company, founded by tech mogul Elon Musk, is looking for relatively flat, warm, and hazard-free landing sites for its upcoming launch vehicle, called <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-mars-starship-spacex-starhopper-rocket-moon-2019-6">Starship</a>.</p><p>SpaceX is developing the <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starship-nasa-saturn-v-sls-moon-rockets-comparison-2019-7">towering two-stage rocket ship</a> to land 150 tons and up to 100 people at a time on Mars, with the first missions starting in the mid-2020s.</p><p>Each candidate landing site is a place where frozen water may be buried under just a bit of red dirt and thus accessible to robots and people. Such a resource might be mined, melted, and turned into precious supplies such as <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/astronaut-plants-air-food-water-life-support-2018-5">water, air</a>, and rocket fuel.</p><p>Space-history writer Robert Zimmerman first <a href="https://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/essays-and-commentaries/spacex-begins-hunt-for-starship-landing-sites-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">posted</a> about the images on his site, Beyond the Black. In perusing a fresh batch of data from NASA's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/new-mars-hirise-photos-2016-11">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (MRO), Zimmerman noticed several photos with titles that included the words "Candidate Landing Site for SpaceX Starship."</p><p>"To put it mildly, it is most intriguing to discover that SpaceX is beginning to research a place where it can land Starship on Mars," Zimmerman wrote, adding that each site is a probable location to find buried ice.</p><p>SpaceX declined to immediately comment to Business Insider, but the images appear to be authentic requests from the company via a NASA scientist.</p><h2>SpaceX is considering at least nine landing sites for Starships</h2><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>NASA/USGS/ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) via Google Earth Pro; Business Insider</span></p><p class="caption">An elevation map of Mars showing the nine candidate landing sites SpaceX is considering for its first Martian voyages of Starship.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>The <a href="http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_060811_2205" target="_blank" rel="noopener">new</a> <a href="http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_060416_2195" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pictures</a> came from HiRISE, a telescope operated by the University of Arizona that's mounted on the MRO spacecraft. The telescope's camera can photograph surface features at a resolution as fine as one foot per pixel - three times greater resolution than Google Maps provides of Earth, and on par with spy satellites.</p><p>However, since HiRISE can only take so many sizable images per orbit and beam them tens of millions of miles back to Earth, scientists must file image requests for locations of interest to them months in advance.</p><p>Although Zimmerman highlighted four different Starship landing sites in the <a href="https://www.uahirise.org/catalog/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">HiRISE catalog</a>, Business Insider located image requests for nine different SpaceX-related locations Mars. The locations are plotted above using <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/document/5d6ce5162e22af778a35cb60/starship%20candidate%20landing%20sites.kmz" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Google Earth</a>.</p><p>All of the Starship image requests were filed by Nathan R. Williams, a planetary geologist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).</p><p>Williams has previously requested dozens of images in support of NASA's upcoming Mars 2020 rover mission, which will <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-mars-2020-rover-landing-site-jezero-crater-2018-11">attempt a landing in Jezero crater</a>. He has also asked for dozens of photos to support SpaceX's now-<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-dragon-2018-mars-mission-2016-4/">defunct Red Dragon mission</a> to Mars.</p><p>"[H]e was bound by a non-disclosure agreement with SpaceX and could not comment," Zimmerman said after contacting Williams about the Starship image requests. (Neither Williams nor NASA JPL immediately responded to Business Insider's request for comment.)</p><p>The HiRISE site shows that, on April 29, Williams <a href="https://www.uahirise.org/hiwish/search?cenLat=0.0&amp;latRange=0.0&amp;cenLon=0.0&amp;lonRange=0.0&amp;text=starship&amp;word=on&amp;sd=on&amp;username=nwilliam&amp;size=250" target="_blank" rel="noopener">requested 18 different images</a> of Mars related to Starship. Specifically, he asked for two images each per site - each from a slightly different angle - to build stereo anaglyphs pairs. Such pairs can reveal finer 3D details about a location, including its terrain and landing hazards.</p><p>Of the nine locations Williams asked HiRISE to observe, six have published images, two are not yet published, and one has yet to be imaged.</p><h2>The landing sites are all flat, temperate, and watery</h2><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1122829331401601029">Elon Musk/SpaceX via Twitter</a></span></p><p class="caption">An illustration of SpaceX's Starship vehicle on the surface of Mars, with greenhouses and a nascent space colony in the distance.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>Musk has said in recent years that he wants SpaceX to help build a self-sustaining <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mars-outposts-are-doable-but-maybe-not-colonies-2018-5">city on Mars</a> by the mid-2050s - partly as a way of "backing up" humanity like a hard drive. To do that without going bankrupt, he'll need a lot of Starships and an ability to refuel them on the red planet.</p><p><em><strong>Read more</strong>: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-starship-super-heavy-cost-ticket-mars-2019-2">Elon Musk says he is 'confident' people could afford to 'sell their home on Earth' and move to Mars on a SpaceX rocket</a></em></p><p>The company hopes to make Starship fully reusable - the first such rocket of its kind - to lower launch costs by 100- to 1,000-fold, or more. Refueling on Mars is key to making Musk's scheme work, which is why SpaceX chose methane as its fuel of choice.</p><p>By using solar (or perhaps <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-nuclear-reactor-kilopower-how-it-works-2018-5">nuclear</a>) energy, Musk says a process called the Sabatier reaction could turn water and carbon dioxide in the thin Martian atmosphere <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-mars-iac-2017-transcript-slides-2017-10">into methane</a>. That fuel, along with oxygen extracted from the water, could be used to refuel Starships for return flights to Earth, as well as provide breathable air and drinking water.</p><p>Eight of the nine possible landing sites are located on the border of two major regions called Arcadia Planitia (to the north) and Amazonis Planitia (to the south):</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>NASA/USGS/ESA/DLR/FU Berlin (G. Neukum) via Google Earth Pro; Business Insider</span></p><p class="caption">Flat, icy, and low-laying places seem to be where SpaceX want to land Starships.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>These regions are likely rich with sources of ice near-surface ice - possibly enough to comprise <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005772" target="_blank" rel="noopener">massive, rapidly buried glaciers</a> that remain preserved after millions of years.</p><p>Some evidence for this is in the shape of craters, which appear to sink long after a meteorite impact because they expose ice to Martian air, which is about 1% as thick as Earth's.</p><p>Functionally that is a vacuum, causing the now-exposed ice to sublimate away into the air in the same way a block of dry ice does when it warms up.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_052424_2200">NASA/JPL/University of Arizona; Business Insider</a></span></p><p class="caption">One line of evidence for ice on Mars are impact sites. Ice exposed to the thin Martian air sublimates into a gas and collapses soil around the original crater.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>They're also flat and relatively free of boulders, which are objects that you definitely do not want to set your spacecraft down on or bang into during landing.</p><p>The sites are also distant from Mars' super-frigid polar caps, are a bit warmer, see quite a bit of sun (important for gathering solar energy), and are relatively low-laying. Because air sinks and gets denser at lower elevations, this might help Sabatier machines more efficiently suck carbon dioxide for creating methane fuel.</p><h2>SpaceX is just beginning to test Starship</h2><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="https://www.reutersconnect.com/all?id=tag%3Areuters.com%2C2019%3Anewsml_RC17E5EF1930&amp;share=true">Trevor Mahlmann/Reuters</a></span></p><p class="caption">Starhopper - SpaceX's first Mars Starship prototype - hovers over its launchpad during a test flight in Boca Chica, Texas, on August 27, 2019.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>At this stage, SpaceX does not yet have a Starship completed.</p><p>But the company has built and thoroughly tested new <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-raptor-mars-moon-rocket-engine-blast-videos-2019-2">methane-burning Raptor engines</a>. SpaceX also strapped one such engine to an early prototype, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starhopper-launch-video-youtube-live-video-feed-2019-8">called Starhopper</a>, and soared it more than 490 feet (150 meters) into the air above South Texas.</p><p>Workers are now building two bigger, orbit-capable prototypes: Starship Mark 1 in Boca Chica, Texas, and Starship Mark 2 in Cocoa, Florida. Musk <a href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1166860032052539392" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tweeted</a> on Friday that that the company will attempt to launch them about 12.4 miles (20 kilometers) into the air in October, then around Earth "shortly thereafter."</p><p>If all goes according to the CEO's <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-spacex-mars-plan-timeline-2018-10">"aspirational" timeline</a>, the rocket company could be launching passengers around the moon and missions to Mars in the mid-2020s.</p><p>Musk also plans to update the world on SpaceX's latest design for Starship and plans for the launch system on September 28. It's possible he may also say more about where, exactly, the company plans to land its first interplanetary Starships.</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-mars-starship-spacex-starhopper-rocket-moon-2019-6">Elon Musk's multibillion-dollar Starship rocket could one day take people to the moon and Mars</a></h3>        <div>                    </div>    </div>

NASA photos reveal SpaceX is scouting these 9 places on Mars to land its first Starship rocket missions

<p><a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/digital-industry-insider"></a></p> <p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table float_right"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span><a href="http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/images/content/461104main_orion.jpg">NASA</a></span></p><p class="caption">The Orion crew capsule.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><ul><li><strong style="line-height: 1.5em;">NASA is using a database technology popularized by Facebook to save millions just by making sure its engineers don't repeat the mistakes of the past.</strong></li><li><strong style="line-height: 1.5em;">The same technology is directly applicable to industry, real-time analytics, the Internet of Things, and large-scale retail, too.</strong></li></ul><p>Not too long ago, an engineer on the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/the-us-will-test-a-spaceship-that-could-take-astronauts-to-mars-2014-12">Orion spacecraft</a> had a major problem, David Meza, Chief Knowledge Architect at NASA's Johnson Space Center, recently explained to Business Insider.</p><p>Orion's uprighting system, which flips the returning capsule right-side-up after it splashes down in the ocean, wasn't working correctly. In tests and simulations, the capsule stayed on its side, even after hitting the water.</p><p>Not great, considering it's supposed to be carrying four astronauts.</p><p>Luckily, NASA maintains the so-called "<a href="http://llis.nasa.gov/">Lessons Learned</a>" system, where the agency's engineers take the lessons they've learned and contribute them to a central database.</p><p>Lessons Learned spans a half-century of collective NASA engineering knowledge, all the way back to the legendary Apollo moon missions - which is good, because Apollo used a similar uprighting system to Orion. There was every possibility that somewhere in Lessons Learned was the key to fixing Orion.</p><p>But that massive database is no good if you can't find anything.</p><p>NASA's original web search for Lessons Learned couldn't turn anything up; even NASA's History Office only turned up 3 relevant files in eight days of looking. The Orion team even visited retired Apollo astronauts at home to see if maybe they had anything useful in their attics.</p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Screenshot/YouTube</span></p><p class="caption">NASA Chief Knowledge Architect David Meza</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>That's where Meza and his team came in. Meza had been experimenting with a new, smarter, data-driven approach to sifting the Lessons Learned database. Within three hours, Meza's better Lessons Learned had come up with 30 relevant documents. One the first 10 documents had cure for what ailed Orion. The mission was back on track.</p><p>Meza says the engineer approached him afterwards: Without that information, NASA would have had to spend 2 years and millions of dollars building a second Orion uprighting system just to test, delaying its 2023 launch further. </p><h2>Graph search</h2><p>Meza cites the Orion case as a big reason why his team has embraced a newer kind of database, growing in popularity among developers, called a "graph database," a term first popularized by Neo Technology.</p><p>Neo makes the <a href="https://neo4j.com/">Neo4j software</a>, used by customers including Marriott, Monsanto, Walmart, and Meza's team at NASA. </p><p>Facebook borrowed the term for its famed "<a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/explainer-what-exactly-is-the-social-graph-2012-3">social graph</a>," which it introduced in 2007. In fact, Facebook is a great example of a graph database: Everything is defined by relationships. </p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Justin Sullivan/Getty</span></p><p class="caption">Mark Zuckerberg explains the Facebook social graph.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>Your profile is instantly and invisibly linked to everybody who likes the same bands, foods, places you've been, songs you've listened to on Spotify, and so on. So when you search Facebook for "Friends who like Nickelback," it's basically drawing a line between your friends and people who like the band.</p><p>It seems simple. But with more traditional "relational databases," which are more like giant spreadsheets, it would be impossible at Facebook's scale, or at least "really, really, really slow," says Neo4j CEO Emil Eifrem.</p><p>Imagine an Excel workbook with multiple tabs, one listing all your friends, one for everybody on Facebook who likes Nickelback, and so on. Then, imagine having to compare the two databases to find a match. Then, imagine doing that for every single one of the people who visit Facebook every day. Not easy, cheap, or fast.</p><h2>Down to earth</h2><p>At NASA, Meza's team combined a Neo4j graph database with the combined know-how of a data science specialist and a web developer to come up with a better, smarter way to search the Lessons Learned database.</p><p>Before, Lessons Learned required you to punch in a keyword, like "valve contamination," which would produce a bunch of links to documents in a spreadsheet. But there was no way to search within those documents: You'd have to download the files as they came up, one by one, and hope it was in there.</p><p>By putting Lessons Learned into a graph database, combined with some magic with statistics, it became a lot simpler to link together the millions of articles in the database in a way that's just a little bit more like Wikipedia - automatically and intelligently grouping together articles based on their content and the words used therein.</p><p> <div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Neo4j</span></p><p class="caption">A simple example of a graph database. It's all about the relationships.</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>It means that the NASA Lessons Learned database can make more natural connections between topics. "Valve maintenance" might lead to "water corrosion" might lead to "fire hazards," based on cross-indexed words in the article. It means engineers can spend less time guessing the magic words to make their answer appear and get back to work on Orion. </p><p>Intriguingly, the International Consortium of Independent Journalists used Neo4j to similar ends, putting the Panama Papers leak into a graph so hundreds of reporters from around the world could sort the data and come up with blistering reveals on the effects of offshoring capital on the global economy. </p><h2>World domination</h2><p>Graph databases are broadly applicable past Meza's brand of knowledge management, as well.</p><p>It turns out that graph databases are fabulous at pattern detection: Going back to the Facebook example, it's pretty simple for it to guess that you might know somebody if 90% of your friends know them, too. Similarly, if half of your friends like Taco Bell on Facebook, it's not that hard to extrapolate that you might, as well.  </p><p>That's why Amazon built its own graph database system, called Dynamo, early on in its development to power its famed recommendation engine. If a book has lots of attributes in common (author, subject matter, publisher) with something a customer bought, Dynamo can go through that graph and guess that you might like it. </p><p><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><p class="source"><span>Neo4j</span></p><p class="caption">Neo Technology CEO Emil Eifrem</p></div><p></p></div></div></p><p>"The graph can be people connected to other people, or it can be other things," explains Eifrem.</p><p>In a business context, graph databases are fabulous for fraud detection, for the same reasons.</p><p>Instead of looking for characteristics of a person or product, you're looking for characteristics of a credit card transaction. All the transactions made to or from, say, specific accounts are all connected to each other. So if one is fraudulent, all the connections probably are, too. </p><p>Graph databases are a newer way of looking at data - not just the data, but how each point relates to each other. NASA is using it to move faster; Amazon and Walmart are using it for commerce. Either way, Facebook might be the most visible graph out there, but it's not the only one.</p><p>"We're just living in an increasingly connected world," says Eifrem.</p>

A new way to search for data is helping NASA's biggest brains save millions and get to space faster

<ul class="summary-list"><li><strong>A total solar </strong><a target="_blank" rel="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-map-nasa-where-when-see-path-of-totality-2024-3"><strong>eclipse will be visible</strong></a><strong> in North America today.</strong></li><li>Animals may start acting weirdly as the moon blocks out the sun. </li></ul><p>For millions of people across North America, day will turn into night on Monday as <a target="_blank" rel="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/mind-boggling-nasa-photo-shows-moon-distance-from-earth-2022-10"><u>the moon</u></a> crosses between the Earth and the sun.</p><p>While most of us are expecting the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/total-solar-eclipse-rare-phenomena-to-watch-2024-3">upcoming solar eclipse</a>, wild animals and pets are blissfully unaware of the rare cosmic event.</p><p>As we turn our <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/solar-eclipse-map-nasa-where-when-see-path-of-totality-2024-3#what-the-purple-and-yellow-lines-mean-4">eyes to the sky</a> (protected by <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-watch-solar-eclipse-safely-without-glasses-2024-4">appropriate sunwear</a>) and everything goes dark, animals may start behaving strangely — although scientists aren't quite sure what to expect.</p><p>Reports during previous eclipses have told tales of giraffes going crazy, turtles mating, and dogs cowering.</p><p>But that evidence "could reasonably be regarded as anecdotal from a scientific perspective," Adam Hartstone-Rose, a professor of Biological Sciences at North Carolina State University who studied this topic, told <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sciencefocus.com/nature/weird-animals-eclipse">BBC Science Focus</a>.</p><p>Here are some behaviors spotted during previous solar eclipses, and what scientists will be looking out for this time around.</p><h2>Birds may fall silent</h2><p>Hartstone-Rose and colleagues studied animal reactions at the Riverbanks Zoo in Columbia, South Carolina, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222787/">during the 2017 eclipse</a>. Among 17 species they studied, they found some trends that we can expect will pan out during this eclipse.</p><p>One is that animals will start their bedtime routines as the world goes suddenly dark,</p><p>Previous studies have for instance suggested that birds will fall suddenly silent or start to roost, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/04/us/solar-eclipse-animals-pets-zoo.html">per The New York Times</a> — though other studies suggested they continued to sing, the Times reported.</p><p>Honeybees may also be seen tucking themselves into their hives, while moths and nighttime-migrating birds may take flight, according to <a target="_blank" href="https://news.syr.edu/blog/2024/04/02/experiencing-the-solar-eclipse-from-an-animals-perspective/#:~:text=By%20and%20large%2C%20researchers%20have,as%20most%20cicadas%2C%20may%20stop">a post</a> from the University of Syracuse.</p><p>Night-time vocalists like crickets and frogs, on the other hand, might see this as their time to shine, and their noises may start to rise as the eclipse reaches totality.</p><h2>Some animals may show signs of anxiety</h2><p>Another category of behaviors Hartstone-Rose spotted during 2017 the eclipse is stress.</p><p>One example, said the professor, is among giraffes.</p><p>"During the peak of the eclipse, the giraffes started running around like crazy and in a potentially dangerous way," Hartstone-Rose told BBC Science Focus.  </p><p>"In the wild, giraffes are pretty calm animals; they're kind of gangly and delicate. They really don't do crazy behavior unless they need to, and so the only time I've ever seen giraffes running around is if they're startled by a predator or maybe a vehicle or something like that," he said.</p><p>Thankfully, that behavior subsided as soon as the eclipse ended, he said.</p><p>Dogs have also been reported to look nervous during eclipses, some whimpering, some falling silent, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/04/us/solar-eclipse-animals-pets-zoo.html">per The Times</a>.</p><p>That may be more related to seeing their owners gathering in groups, sharing their excitement, and looking up at the sky in mass, than anything else, M. Leanne Lilly, a veterinary behaviorist at Ohio State's College of Veterinary Medicine, told The Times.</p><p>"That can make any of our domestic animals feel like things are not as safe and predictable as they are supposed to be," said Lilly.</p><p>The anxiety response to eclipses is "a bit more mysterious," said Hartstone-Rose to The Guardian.</p><p>"It could be the animals are aware of some kind of disparity going on. If it all of a sudden seems dark, my dog, who is very food motivated, would worry we'd forgotten a meal for him, so that might be going through some of these animals' heads," he said.</p><div type="image" title="Giraffe" height="2244" width="3500" msid="109135698" hostid="261" sizebytes="877508"></div><h2>Tortoises may start mating</h2><p>Among the most bizarre reactions Hartstone-Rose and colleagues spotted during the 2017 solar eclipse in the Riverbanks Zoo was a pair of particularly amorous Galapagos tortoises.</p><p>"They started mating behavior. They literally started breeding in front of our eyes," he told BBC Science Focus.</p><p>Other animals also started acting out. A male gorilla charged a glass enclosure and flamencos grouped closer together,<a target="_blank" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/apr/07/eclipse-animal-behavior"> The Guardian reported.</a></p><p>Some siamang gibbons started screaming and barking in a way that had never been recorded before, per the BBC.</p><p>"We were able to statistically show that the vocalizations during the eclipse were significantly different than any other time we had ever been able to record their vocalization," Hartstone-Rose told the BBC. "That was pretty remarkable."</p><h2>Scientists are jumping on the opportunity to study eclipse animal behavior</h2><p>While these behaviors provide a rare snapshot of how sudden darkness can affect animals, there are surprisingly few studies looking at animal behavior during a solar eclipse, according to the University of Syracuse.</p><p>Among the reasons for this are that eclipses are rare, and short-lived, and studying the widespread behavior of animals is notoriously difficult.</p><p>Still, scientists have been gearing up to gather as much information as they can during the approximately <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/solar-eclipse-2024-times/#:~:text=Within%20the%20path%20of%20totality%2C%20darkness%20will%20fall%20for%20a,for%20more%20than%20two%20hours.">four minutes</a> the eclipse is due to last.</p><p>One such study is NASA's citizen science <a target="_blank" class="zZygg UbGlr iFzkS qdXbA WCDhQ DbOXS tqUtK GpWVU iJYzE " href="https://eclipsesoundscapes.org/"><u>Eclipse Soundscapes, </u></a>a recreation of century-old a large-scale study carried out during the 1932 eclipse. Volunteers registered with the study will be asked to log recordings, data, and their own experiences to a database.</p><p>Hartstone-Rose is also carrying out his own study during the cosmic event. Scientists and a group of volunteers will be studying animals at the Fort Worth Zoo in Texas.</p><p>"For this one moment, on this one particular day, everybody is going to have this shared experience," Hartstone-Rose told The Guardian.</p><p>"There's something beautiful about that, and sharing it with our animal brethren just adds to it," he said.</p>

Wild animals and pets may start behaving strangely during today's solar eclipse

<ul class="summary-list"><li>In 1967, 112 nations signed the <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html">Outer Space Treaty</a> that laid the foundation for international space law.</li><li>There are no known instances of anyone being charged with committing a crime in space.</li></ul><p>Despite the popular conception of space as a lawless frontier, it turns out you're still beholden to the authorities when you leave Earth.</p><p>There are no known instances of anyone being charged with a crime committed in space. But as space becomes increasingly accessible, unlawful behaviors that regularly occur on Earth will likely accompany humans blasting off into the cosmos.</p><h1><div type="image" title="On Oct. 4, 1957, Sputnik 1 successfully launched and entered Earth's orbit." height="1194" width="1200" msid="95473492" hostid="261" sizebytes="206756"></div></h1><p>Still, the laws on the books are decades old and hard to enforce. In 1967, more than 100 nations signed the <a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.html">Outer Space Treaty</a> — essentially, the Magna Carta of space law. The document is heavy on broad principles, but light on specifics.</p><p>Broadly, it states that space should be free for use by all nations and that celestial bodies like the moon should be used exclusively for peaceful purposes.</p><p>It also bans one nation from claiming outer space and celestial bodies. That's why <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-83/pdf/STATUTE-83-Pg196.pdf">Congress passed a law</a> in November 1969 affirming that the Apollo 11 mission planting a flag on the moon was a "a symbolic gesture of national pride in achievement," and not the US staking a claim on it.</p><p>While the treaty is difficult to enforce, if a country, individual, or company were to violate the guidelines — say, by launching a nuclear weapon in space or planting a flag on an asteroid and calling it their own — other spacefaring nations could sanction them.</p><div type="image" title="The signing of the Outer Space Treaty in 1967." height="807" width="1200" msid="95473494" hostid="261" sizebytes="116382"></div><p>While there are no known criminal charges in space or convictions to date, that could change with more commercial and private actors in space.</p><p><a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/astat/sc-2022-c-10/latest/sc-2022-c-10.html">On June 23</a>, lawmakers in Canada passed a law that would allow the government to charge Canadian astronauts for crimes committed on the moon.</p><p>From destructive missile tests to missing a tax deadline to go on a last-minute mission, here's how space law has been tested thus far.</p><h1>1. Russia's anti-satellite missile tests created a dangerous cloud of debris</h1><div type="image" title="This telescope image shows debris from the Cosmos 1408 debris cloud shortly after destruction by impact with Russia's anti-satellite weapon. The image was taken on November 15, 2021" height="1552" width="2560" msid="95473497" hostid="261" sizebytes="589812"></div><p><strong>The law:</strong> The 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which states that parties should conduct all their activities in outer space "with due regard" to other spacefaring parties</p><p><strong>How it was tested:</strong> Russia deliberately destroyed its own satellite, creating long-lived orbital debris that imperils surrounding satellites and crewed space stations</p><p>Several governments have tested anti-satellite weapons that leave behind <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/falling-space-junk-spacex-nasa-china-foreshadow-increasing-injury-risk-2022-8">trails of space debris</a> in orbit.</p><p>In November 2021, Russia conducted <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/us-condemns-irresponsible-russian-anti-satellite-test-threatening-space-station-2021-11">an anti-satellite weapon test</a> that deliberately struck Cosmos 1408, one of its own satellites, which had been inoperable for years. The defunct satellite blew into thousands of pieces that continue to orbit Earth, increasing the risk that the debris could one day damage satellites or crewed vehicles. </p><p>On October 24, the International Space Station (ISS) had to move to dodge a piece of space junk from Russia's Cosmos 1408 satellite, according to <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/10/24/space-station-maneuvers-to-avoid-orbital-debris/">NASA.</a></p><p>Various forms of anti-satellite tests have been conducted since 1959 by the United States, Russia, China, and India, according to a <a href="https://swfound.org/news/all-news/2020/06/swf-releases-updated-compilation-of-anti-satellite-testing-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">database compiled by the Secure World Foundation</a>. Last year, the US became the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/04/18/fact-sheet-vice-president-harris-advances-national-security-norms-in-space/">first space-faring nation to declare a ban</a> on anti-satellite weapons testing.</p><h1>2. Cleared of accessing <strong>an ex-wife's bank account 240 miles above Earth's surface</strong></h1><p><strong></strong></p><div type="image" title="NASA astronaut Anne McClain, a member of the International Space Station (ISS) expedition 58/59, gestures as she boards the Soyuz MS-11 spacecraft shortly before the launch at the Russian-leased Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on December 3, 2018." height="2380" width="3500" msid="95473499" hostid="261" sizebytes="762194"></div><p><strong>The law: </strong>Identity theft and improper access to private financial records</p><p><strong>How it was tested:</strong> A NASA astronaut was accused of accessing her ex-wife's bank account while living on the ISS</p><p>In 2019, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-astronaut-ex-wife-bank-account-crime-charged-2020-4">NASA astronaut Anne McClain</a> was accused of committing the first crime in space.</p><p>During McClain's stay aboard the ISS from December 2018 to June 2019, the American astronaut's estranged wife accused McClain of using a NASA-affiliated computer to illegally sign into her personal bank accounts, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/23/us/astronaut-space-investigation.html">The New York Times reported</a>.</p><p>The ISS has its own intergovernmental agreement that the project's partner nations signed in 1998. It states that each country involved in the ISS has criminal jurisdiction over its own personnel in space, as long as the victim is not an individual from another country who is also in space.</p><p>NASA defended McClain's reputation before launching an investigation into the incident — ultimately finding that the claims against McClain were false. McClain's ex-wife, who filed the accusations with the Federal Trade Commission, was later charged with <a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdtx/pr/woman-charged-falsely-claiming-officer-accessed-her-bank-account-international-space">two counts of making false statements</a> to federal authorities.</p><h1>3. Missing a tax deadline due to a last-minute space voyage</h1><div type="image" title="Jack Swigert during in an astronaut suit, before forgetting to file his taxes." height="1294" width="1024" msid="95473500" hostid="261" sizebytes="93184"></div><p><strong>The law: </strong>US tax law</p><p><strong>How it was tested:</strong> An Apollo astronaut missed the April 15 tax filing deadline in the 1970s, after blasting off into space at the last minute</p><p>In 1970, Jack Swigert, an <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/4-lessons-entrepreneurs-can-learn-from-nasa-engineers-apollo-13-2021-3">Apollo 13</a> astronaut, realized he hadn't filed his income taxes in time for the April 15 cutoff. There was one problem: He was already in space.</p><p>Swigert was a last-minute addition to the Apollo 13 crew. Because he had to scramble after another astronaut was medically disqualified from the mission, he didn't file his taxes before leaving.</p><p>"Uh oh; have you guys completed your income tax?" Swigert asked mission control, according to the <a href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/AS13_TEC.txt">official NASA transcript</a>. Mission control erupted in laughter, to which Swigert replied: "It ain't too funny; things kind of happened real fast down there, and I do need an extension."</p><p>Ultimately, Swigert was granted an extension by the Internal Revenue Service, since he was technically "out of the country."</p>

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