YouTube/AmpliFi
WiFi can pass through walls.This fact is easy to take for granted, yet it's the reason we can surf the web using a wireless router located in another room.
However, not all of that microwave radiation makes it to or from our phones, tablets, and laptops. Routers scatter and bounce their signal off objects, illuminating our homes and offices like invisible light bulbs.
Now, German scientists have found a way to exploit this property to take holograms, or 3D photographs, of objects inside of a room - from outside of the room.
"It can basically scan a room with someone's WiFi transmission," Philipp Holl, a 23-year-old undergraduate physics student at the Technical University of Munich, told Business Insider.
Holl initially built the device as part of his bachelor thesis with the help of his academic supervisor, Friedemann Reinhard. Later on the two submitted a study about their technique to the journal Physical Review Letters, which published their paper in early May.
Holl says the technology is only in prototype stage at this point, and has limited resolution, but is excited about its promise.
"If there's a cup of coffee on a table, you may see something is there, but you couldn't see the shape," Holl says. "But you could make out the shape of a person, or a dog on a couch. Really any object that's more than four centimeters in size."
How to see through walls with WiFi
The ability to see through walls using WiFi has been around for years.
Some setups can detect home intruders or track moving objects with one or two WiFi antennas. Others use an array of antennas to build two-dimensional images. But Holl says no one has used WiFi to make a 3D hologram of an entire room and the stuff inside of it.
"Our method gives you much better images, since we record much more signal. We scan the whole plane of a room," he says.
Holl's method differs from the others in few significant ways.
Philip Holls and Friedemann Reinhard/Physical Review Letters (CC BY 3.0)
First, it uses two antennas: one fixed in place, and another that moves. The fixed antenna records a WiFi field's background, or reference, for the spot it's placed in. Meanwhile, the other antenna is moved by hand to record the same WiFi field from many different points."These antennas don't need to be big. They can be very small, like the ones in a smartphone," Holl says.
Second, both antennas not only record the intensity (or brightness) of a WiFi signal, but also its phase: a property of light that comes from the fact it's a wave. Laser light is all one phase, for example, while an incandescent bulb puts out a mix of different phases of light. Similar to lasers, WiFi routers emit microwave radiation in one phase.
Finally, the signals from both antennas are simultaneously fed into a computer, and software teases out the differences of intensity and phase "more or less in real-time," says Holl.
This is where the magic happens: The software builds many two-dimensional images as one antenna is waved around, then stacks them together in a 3D hologram. And because WiFi travels through most walls, those holograms are of objects inside a room.
Holl and Reinhard's first holograms are of a shiny metal cross placed in front of a WiFi router:
Philip Holls and Friedemann Reinhard/Physical Review Letters (CC BY 3.0)
The resulting images may not look like much, but they prove the concept works: The moving antenna can capture WiFi shadows and reflections of objects in 3D, right through a wall.
Philip Holls and Friedemann Reinhard/Physical Review Letters (CC BY 3.0)
A WiFi hologram of a cross. Holl's technique can capture the WiFi shadow cast by the object (left) through a wall.
The applications for Holl's WiFi holography, he says, are pretty expansive. Adding an array of reference antennas, say, inside of a truck, might help rescue workers detect people in rubble left by an earthquake - or spy agencies see if anyone is home.
"You could probably use a drone to map out the inside of an entire building in 20 to 30 seconds," he said.
Holl created the video below to show how his team's technology works.
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